Chap 17 Notes

Question 1

Ming Dynasty: 1368-

Answer 1

• Founded by Zhu Yuanzhang in 1368 -> Hongwu
  
  • expels the Mongols
  • reduced texes, improves agriculture and trade
  • confucian values reinstated
  • expanded power of the emperor
  • killed thousands of his rivals-especially like flaying(sp?) people

Question 2

Ming Dynasty: Hongwu’s son, Yonglo takes power in 1402

Answer 2

• Moves capital to Beijing
• builds the forbidden city; palace comples in Beijing
• European invention impresses officials
• sponsors sea voyages of Zheng He, Muslim admiral to africa and other places became too expensive and stopped in 1433

Question 3

Ming Dynasty: late 1500 - decline

Answer 3

• distrust of european trade/missionaries
• did admit Mateo Ricci, 1583, Italian Jesuit
• Mongol threat to the north
• strengthened the Great Wall
  
  • Agricultural growth to irrigation policies and new crops from the Americas
• led to population growth
  
  • led to more cities
  • led to more industry (but still largely agricultural)

Question 4

Ming Dynasty: decline in the late 1500s

Answer 4

• corruption weak leaders
• crop yield declined due to harsh weather
• an epidemic sparked a peasant revolt

Question 5

Who defeated the Ming Dynasty and when?

Answer 5

Manchu 1644

Question 6

What dynasty succeeded the Ming Dynasty?

Answer 6

Qing

Question 7

During which period did the Qing Dynasty exist?

Answer 7

1644-1911

Question 8

What were the features of the Qing Dynasty?

Answer 8

• they were foreigners who respected Chinese culture
• kept separate from Chinese in many ways (no intermarrying, no footbinding)
• equal distribution of government jobs
• civil service exam

Question 9

Who ruled Qing Dynasty from 1661-1772?

Answer 9

Kangxi

Question 10

What did Kangxi implement?

Answer 10

• reduced peasant taxes
• expanded the empire
• supported arts and education

Question 11

Who ruled Qing Dynasty from 1736-1796?

Answer 11

Qianlong

Question 12

What happened during Qianlong’s rule?

Answer 12

• conquers Taiwan, Mongolia, and Tibet
• ecomony boomed
• continued isolationist policy
  
  • Lord George McCartney in 1793 wanted to change isolationist policy

Question 13

What were the three facets of the Qing political institutions?

Answer 13

• Devotion to Confucianism
• two-pronged strategy to protect Manchus ethnicity
  
  • manchus were defined legally distinct- Manchu nobles retained aristocratic priviledges
  • Other manchus assigned farmland and organized into military units call banners
• Dyarchy: important administrative positions shared equally by Chinese and Manchu

Question 14

What happened to China on the eve of Western onslaught?

Answer 14

• Military confrontation
• pressure for trade
• Russian envoys ignored the tribute system and refused to perform the kowtow
• the East India Company established first trading post at Canton
• uneven balance of trade led british to press for liberation of trade restrictions
• Qianlang contemptuously dismissed the British request

Question 15

What happened to population during Qing Dynasty?

Answer 15

• population exploded
• center of gravity shift to the south
• in 1390 population increased to 300 million

Question 16

What happed during the seeds of industrialization?

Answer 16

• mercantile class under firm control over the state
• preference for agriculture
• heavy taxes on manufacturing and commerce
• intellectual environment was in favor of continutiy over change and tradition over innovation

Question 17

What were some of the features of daily life during the Qing Dynasty?

Answer 17

• Family
  
  • ideal family unit was the joint family
  • beyond the joint family was the clan, an extended kinship unit
• women
  
  • subordinate to husband
  • female children were less desirable
  • in theory inferior to men but not always the case

Question 18

What were some of the cultural developments during the Qing Dynasty?

Answer 18

• rise of Chinese novel
  
  • characterized by realism with vivid portraits of society
  • moral lessons-villians were punished and virtuous were rewarded
• art of Ming and Qing
  
  • artistic brillaince
  • grandiose architecture: Imperial City of Beijing (Forbidden city)
  • carved laquer ware and colored ***(sp?)
  • silk production at peak
  • blue and white porcelain

Question 19

Who were the three great unifiers of Japan? When did they rule?

Answer 19

Oda Nobunaga (1568-1582)

Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1582-1598)

Tokugawa Leyasu (1598-1616)

Question 20

What were Oda Nobunaga’s accomplishments?

Answer 20

seized the imperial capital

replaced the shogun

consolidated his rule throughout the central plains

Question 21

What were Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s accomplishments?

Answer 21

extended power to the southern islands

persuaded the daimyo to accept his authority

Question 22

What were Tokugawa Leyasu’s accomplishments?

Answer 22

named himself shogun

most powerful and longest-lasting of all Japanese Shogunates

Question 23

Who and when was the Tokugawa Shogunate established?

Answer 23

by Tokugawa Leyasu in 1603

Question 24

When did Tokugawa shogunate end?

Answer 24

1867

Question 25

Where was the capital of the Tokugawa Shogunate?

Answer 25

Edo (now Tokyo)

Question 26

True or false: with consolidated power does not come peace and prosperity.

Answer 26

false

Question 27

Describe the social structure of the Tokugawa shogunate.

Answer 27

* increasingly rigid * compelled the daimyo to maintain two residences (own domain and at Edo) * daimyo deprived samurai retiners of proprietary rights * transformed them into salaried officials * Bafuku precedent:ruled through a coalition of daimyo and concil of elders * set national policy on behalf of emperor * governd shogun own domain (1/4 of national territory as well as Edo, Kyoto,and Osaka) * domains ruled by 250 daimyo

Question 28

What were two main features of the Tokugawa "Great Peace?"

Answer 28

contact with Europeans land problems-peasants continued to rely on rice cultivation

Question 29

During the Great Peace, what resulted from contact with the Europeans?

Answer 29

* overtime intolerance towards christians and the restriction of foreign trade * expulsion of Christians in 1587 * Hideyoshi issed an edict prohibiting christian activities within the domain * all missionaries evicted in 1612

Question 30

Besides reliance on rice cultivation, what happed to peasants?

Answer 30

rising costs and taxes lead to peasant revolts

Question 31

Describe growth of trade and industry during Great Peace.

Answer 31

* rising standard of living * banking fluorished * paper money becomes the norm * mechant class emerges

Question 32

Describe culture and art during Great Peace.

Answer 32

woodblock prints Haiku (Basho) Kabuki (white faced theater)

Question 33

Describethe Korean Choson Dynasty.

Answer 33

* Yi Song gye was military commander * adopted chinese institutions and values * aristocratic class known as the yangban which was restricted * peasantry in serf-like conditions * class of slaves call chonmin * rising agricultural production * rise of urban industrial and commercial sector * continual challenges to its independence with Manchu forces and Japan * Hideyoshi invades Korea in 1592

Question 34

Describe Vietnam in this period

Answer 34

* Dai viet was only peripherally involved in the spice trade * followed an imperialist path * expansion undermined cultural integrity * civil war split country into 2 squabbling territories in 17th century (north and south) * European powers meddled in the countires internal affairs-Nguyen dynasty until 1945 * Nguyen Dynasty reunited country - fended off Christianity and promoted Confucian values