chaper 14

Question 0

active growth of pathogens

Answer 0

infection

Question 1

Presence of microbes/pathogens

Answer 1

contamination

Question 2

infection acquired in health facilities/setting

Answer 2

nosocomial infection

Question 3

disturbance in state of health of the host

Answer 3

disease

Question 4

disease caused by microorganisms

Answer 4

infectious disease

Question 5

disease-causing microbes—-> non-pathogen= non-disease causing

Answer 5

pathogen

Question 6

degree of pathogenicity

Answer 6

virulence

Question 7

ability to cause disease

Answer 7

pathogenicity

Question 8

D= NV/R what does each letter stand for?

Answer 8

D= disease
N= # of pathogens
V= virulence 
R= resistance 
*** larger number in numerator = higher chance of getting disease

Question 9

disease is often a result of ____________

Answer 9

infection

Question 10

what is normal flora

Answer 10

microbes that live on and in the body without causing apparent harm

Question 11

healthy people should have equal _____________&______________

Answer 11

• suseptability
• resistance
• • higher susceptibility , lower resistance = good health
• • lower susceptibility, higher resistance = disease

Question 12

what are the two types of normal flora?

Answer 12

• permanent

- transient

Question 13

some parts of the body that have normal flora??

Answer 13

upper digestive tract (sterile)
eyes and skin
reproductive tract

Question 14

what are the 3 types of symbiotic relationships?

Answer 14

• mutualism
• commensalism
• parasitism

Question 15

both benifit, ex: bacteria in human colon

Answer 15

mutualism

Question 16

1 is benefitted and other is not harmed

Answer 16

commensalism

Question 17

pathogen causes disease, human harmed flora benifitted.

Answer 17

parasitism

Question 18

describe how a newly born baby acquires his normal flora

Answer 18

placenta in healthy mothers= sterile
* as the baby goes out of the birth canal the baby acquires NV when it crys, eats, touched by parents, doctors, other materials such as clothes.

Question 19

what are some pathogens that can cross the placenta?

Answer 19

protozoan
bacteria(syphilis)
DNA viruses(asymptomatic)
RNA viruses(aids)

Question 20

what is the importance of normal flora?

Answer 20

• prevent attachment of invaders
• deplete essential nutrients
• produce antimicrobial substances that can kill other bacteria

Question 21

in which cases can normal flora cause disease?

Answer 21

• immune suppression
• changes in normal flora
• introduction of NV into an unusual site of the body
  
  • E. coli can cause UTI bc its norm. habitat is large intestine

Question 22

what are the steps from beginning to end on how pathogens cause disease…

Answer 22

1. transmission(portal entry) 2. adherence to target tissue
2. invasion 4. colonization 5. damage of host
3. exit(portal of exit)

Question 23

what is meant by portal of entry?

Answer 23

• cuts, direct contact, food

* thru the respiratory tract—>lungs—->blood(which carries disease thru out the body)

Question 24

what are the portal of entry of pathogens in the human body?

Answer 24

anus, broken skin, insect bite, ear, eye, nose, mouth, placenta, vagina, penis, and urethra * placenta route-deep wounds/surgery= not normal transmission

Question 25

what are used by pathogens to adhere to target tissues? examples

Answer 25

1.attachment of pathogens to cells 2.uses adhesion factors -attachment proteins adhesions ligands -specialized

Question 26

once the pathogens are in their target tissues and if the growth requirements are met, the pathogens_______________

Answer 26

invade the tissues and grow

Question 27

what are examples of virulence factors?

Answer 27

enzymes, toxins, anti phagocytic factors, anti phagocytic chemicals

Question 28

enzyme that degrades hyaluronic acids= pathogens can enter.

Answer 28

hyaluronidase

Question 29

enzymes breaks down collagen and pathogen invades deeper tissues

Answer 29

collagenase

Question 30

enzymes that are produced by pathogenic bacteria, form a clot which protects bacteria in a clot.

Answer 30

coagulase

Question 31

enzyme that breaks down the clot, and releases the bacteria into pathways

Answer 31

streptokinase

Question 32

antiphagocytic factor examples

Answer 32

bacterial capsule

Question 33

antiphagocytic chemicals...

Answer 33

produce chemicals | ex: leukocidins= prevent fusion of lysosome and phagocytic vesicles (kill white blood cells)

Question 34

what is the portal of exit in the human body

Answer 34

ear wax, blood, skin, anus, tears, nose secretions, saliva, vaginal secretions (blood)

Question 35

what is reservoir of infection

Answer 35

sites where pathogens are maintained as a source

Question 36

what is zoonosis

Answer 36

animal to man diseases

Question 37

what are the 3 modes of disease transmission

Answer 37

1. contact 2. vehicle 3. vector

Question 38

examples of contact transmission

Answer 38

direct- hands, kissing indirect- drinking glass droplet- sneezing within 1 meter

Question 39

examples of vehicle transmission

Answer 39

airborne- dust waterborne- steam, swimming pool foodborne- poultry, seafood

Question 40

examples of vector transmission

Answer 40

mechanical- body of flies, roaches | biological- lice, mites, mosquitoes(pathogens have to grow in a vector)

Question 41

how are diseases manifested?

Answer 41

symptomrs- pain, nausea, headache, chills signs- both people can see, ex: swelling, fever, rbc count syndrome- group of signs and symptoms, Ex: only you can feel it

Question 42

5 signs of infections disease

Answer 42

1. incubation period- no signs/symptoms 2. prodromal peridod- vague gen. symtoms 3. illness- most severe signs and symptoms 4. decline- declining signs/sym 5. convalescence- no signs/sym

Question 43

how are infectious diseases classified

Answer 43

1. taxonomic groups of pathogens, Ex: fungal or viral diseases 2. body system affected by pathogens, Ex: nervous system(skin), cardiovascular system, and respiratory system 3. how disease is spread 4. occurrance 5. longevity and duration of the disease

Question 44

how disease is spread...

Answer 44

- communicable: spread directly or indirectly contagious: easily spread Ex: common cold - Non communicable: not spread Ex: acne

Question 45

types of occurrence

Answer 45

A. prevalence: # old plus new cases/time of disease (higher bc includes old cases) incidence: # new cases/given time of disease B. frequency and geographic distribution -Sporadic: occurs occasionally -Endemic: always prsent -Epidemic: many people affected within short period -Pandemic: worldwide epidemic

Question 46

types of longevity and duration of the diseas..

Answer 46

acute- develops rapidly, last short time chronic- develops slowly but continual and recurrent sub-acute- btween acute and chronic latent- pathogens remain inactive for long period before producing signs/sym

Question 47

what is etiology?

Answer 47

study of location, course, and transmission of diseases within population

Question 48

what is epidemiology

Answer 48

study of the cause of disease