Immuno > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Examples of pathogens that cause human disease include:

  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Parasites (protozoans and worms)
  • All of the above are examples pathogens that cause human disease
A

All of the above are examples pathogens that cause human disease

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2
Q

A term generally used to describe all white blood cells is__.

  • Hematopoietic cells
  • Myeloid progenitor
  • Dendritic cells
  • Monocytes
  • Leukocytes
A

Leukocytes

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3
Q

All of the following are examples of chemical barriers of innate immunity except __.

  • Lactic acid
  • Normal microbiota
  • Lysozyme
  • Fatty acids
  • proteases
A

Normal microbiota

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4
Q

During an infection, __ are mobilized in large numbers from the bone marrow.

  • Dendritic cell
  • Memory cells
  • Macrophages
  • Neutrophils
  • B cells
A

Neutrophils

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5
Q

Spherical regions in lymph nodes containing areas that are packed densely with proliferating B cells are called__.

  • Efferent vessels
  • Germinal centers
  • Red pulp zones
  • Periarterial lymphoid sheaths
  • Medullary sinuses
A

Germinal centers

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6
Q

Immune cells within the lymphatic circulation are directly deposited into which of the following anatomical sites so that the cells may reenter the bloodstream?

  • Right aorta
  • Left subclavian vein
  • Left carotid artery
  • High endothelial venule (HEV)
  • Hepatic vein
A

Left subclavian vein

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7
Q

__ act as cellular messengers by delivering degraded pathogens to lymphoid organs.

  • Plasma cells
  • Dendritic cells
  • Large granular lymphocytes
  • Mast cells
  • Basophils
A

Dendritic cells

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8
Q

In most cases, adaptive immune responses rely on the initial activation of __ in secondary lymphoid tissue.

  • Macrophages
  • T cells
  • B cells
  • Dendritic cells
  • Epithelium
A

T cells

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9
Q

All of the following statements are characteristic of secondary immune responses except __.

  • Secondary immune responses are activated when primary immune responses fail to completely eradicate an infection.
  • Secondary immune responses are restricted to adaptive immune responses
  • Memory cells are activated rapidly during secondary immune responses.
  • Secondary immune responses are orders of magnitude greater than primary immune responses.
  • During a secondary immune response to a booster vaccine it is possible to experience a primary immune response to an unrelated vaccine component encountered for the first time.
A

Secondary immune responses are activated when primary immune responses fail to completely eradicate an infection

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10
Q

Another name for a large granular lymphocyte is a__.

  • Plasma cell
  • Helper T cell
  • Monocyte
  • Natural killer (NK) cell
  • Eosinophil
A

Natural killer (NK) cell

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11
Q

Effector cells that secrete antibodies are known as__.

  • Natural killer cells
  • Cytotoxic T cells
  • Helper T cells
  • M cells
  • Plasma cells
A

Plasma cells

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12
Q

The __is (are) the lymphoid organ(s) that filter(s) the blood.

  • Spleen
  • Tonsils
  • Peyer’s patches
  • Appendix
  • Adenoids
A

Spleen

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13
Q

The thin layer of cells that makes up the interior lining of the blood vessels is called the__.

  • Mucosa
  • Epithelium
  • Endothelium
  • Connective tissue
  • Lymphoid tissue
A

Endothelium

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14
Q

Vaccination is best described as prevention of severe disease by__.

  • The deliberate introduction of a virulent strain of an infectious agent
  • Prior exposure to an infectious agent in an attenuated or weakened form
  • Prophylactic treatment with antibiotics
  • Stimulating effective innate immune responses
  • Using effective public-health isolation regimens such as quarantine
A

Prior exposure to an infectious agent in an attenuated or weakened form

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15
Q 
The first line of defense against microorganisms that infect the body is referred to as \_\_. 
-Opportunistic immunity 
-Innate immunity 
-Adaptive immunity 
Primary immunity 
-Central immunity
A

Innate immunity

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16
Q

Examples of granulocytes include all of the following except:

a. neutrophil
b. monocyte
c. basophil
d. eosinophil

A

monocyte

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17
Q

Which of the following statements regarding neutrophils is false?

a. Neutrophils are mobilized from the bone marrow to sites of infection when needed.
b. Neutrophils are active only in aerobic conditions.
c. Neutrophils are phagocytic.
d. Neutrophils form pus, which comprises dead neutrophils.
e. Dead neutrophils are cleared from sites of infection by macrophages.

A

Neutrophils are active only in aerobic conditions.

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18
Q

Which of the following is not characteristics of innate immunity?

a. inflammation
b. improvement in recognition of the pathogen during the response
c. fast response
d. no immunological memory required
e. cytokine production

A

improvement in recognition of the pathogen during the response

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19
Q

When effector lymphocytes secrete _____, an inflammatory response ensues.

a. lysozyme
b. defensins
c. lymph
d. sebum
e. cytokines

A

cytokines

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20
Q

_____ cells persist long after an individual has been vaccinated.

a. Neutrophil
b. Plasma
c. Memory
d. M
e. Mast

A

Memory

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21
Q

The most abundant type of leukocyte in human peripheral blood is the _____.

a. eosinophil
b. basophil
c. neutrophil
d. monocyte
e. lymphocyte

A

neutrophil

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22
Q

The last cases of smallpox were reported in the _____.

a. 1950s
b. 1960s
c. 1970s
d. 1980s
e. 1990s.

A

1970s

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23
Q

The first line of defense against microorganisms that infect the body is referred to as _____.

a. opportunistic immunity
b. innate immunity
c. adaptive immunity
d. primary immunity
e. central immunity.

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A

innate immunity

24
Q

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

a. innate immunity: highly specialized defenses
b. secondary immune response: immunological memory
c. hematopoiesis: bone marrow
d. phagocytosis: uptake and killing of microbes
e. lymphocyte recirculation: continuous transport between blood and lymph.

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A

innate immunity: highly specialized defenses

25
All of the following are examples of chemical barriers of innate immunity except _____. a. lactic acid b. normal microbiota c. lysozyme d. fatty acids e. proteases.
normal microbiota
26
When effector lymphocytes secrete _____, an inflammatory response ensues. a. lysozyme b. defensins c. lymph d. sebum e. cytokines.
cytokines
27
The thin layer of cells that makes up the interior lining of the blood vessels is called the _____. a. mucosa b. epithelium c. endothelium d. connective tissue e. lymphoid tissue
endothelium
28
Identify the incorrect statement regarding hematopoiesis. a. Hematopoiesis is a continuous process that occurs throughout one’s lifetime. b. The location for hematopoiesis differs with age. c. Self renewal is necessary to replenish the supply of hematopoietic stem cells. d. Most hematopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow after birth. e. Leukocytes, but not erythrocytes, must go through hematopoiesis in order to develop
Leukocytes, but not erythrocytes, must go through hematopoiesis in order to develop
29
The progenitors of macrophages are _____. a. megakaryocytes b. dendritic cells c. monocytes d. neutrophils e. erythrocytes f. M cells.
monocytes
30
_____ act as cellular messengers by delivering degraded pathogens to lymphoid organs. a. Plasma cells b. Dendritic cells c. Large granular lymphocytes d. Mast cells e. Basophils
Dendritic cells
31
Another name for a large granular lymphocyte is a _____. a. plasma cell b. helper T cell c. monocyte d. natural killer cell e. eosinophil
natural killer cell
32
Effector cells that secrete antibodies are known as _____. a. natural killer cells b. cytotoxic T cells c. helper T cells d. M cells e. plasma cells f. regulatory T cells
plasma cells
33
Spherical regions in lymph nodes containing areas that are packed densely with proliferating B cells are called _____. a. efferent vessels b. germinal centers c. red pulp zones d. periarterial lymphoid sheaths e. medullary sinuses
germinal centers
34
The _____ is (are) the lymphoid organ(s) that filter(s) the blood. a. spleen b. tonsils c. Peyer’s patches d. appendix e. adenoids
spleen
35
_____ cells persist long after an individual has been vaccinated. a. Neutrophil b. Plasma c. Memory d. M e. Mast
Memory
36
During an infection, _____ are mobilized in large numbers from the bone marrow. a. dendritic cells b. memory cells c. macrophages d. neutrophils e. B cells
neutrophils
37
In most cases, adaptive immune responses rely on the initial activation of _____ in secondary lymphoid tissue: a. macrophages b. T cells c. B cells d. dendritic cells e. epithelium
T cells
38
All of the following statements are characteristic of secondary immune responses except _____. a. Secondary immune responses are activated when primary immune responses fail to completely eradicate an infection. b. Secondary immune responses are restricted to adaptive immune responses. c. Memory cells are activated rapidly during secondary immune responses. d. Secondary immune responses are orders of magnitude greater than primary immune responses. e. During a secondary immune response to a booster vaccine, it is possible to experience a primary immune response to an unrelated vaccine component encountered for the first time
Secondary immune responses are activated when primary immune responses fail to completely eradicate an infection
39
A bacterium that causes a common disease in a population that has been previously exposed to it is called _____. a. opportunistic b. resistant c. commensal d. endemic e. attenuated
endemic
40
An example of an antimicrobial peptide that protects epithelial surfaces from pathogens is _____. a. glycoprotein b. defensin c. proteoglycan d. lysozyme e. sebum
defensin
41
Which of the following are characteristics of innate immunity: a. inflammation b. improvement in recognition of the pathogen during the response c. fast response d. highly specific for a particular pathogen e. cytokine production
a. inflammation c. fast response e. cytokine production
42
Which of the following statements regarding neutrophils is false? a. Neutrophils are mobilized from the bone marrow to sites of infection when needed. b. Neutrophils are active only in aerobic conditions. c. Neutrophils are phagocytic. d. Neutrophils form pus, which comprises dead neutrophils. e. Dead neutrophils are cleared from sites of infection by macrophages.
Neutrophils are active only in aerobic conditions
43
Primary lymphoid tissues are the sites where lymphocytes _______, whereas secondary lymphoid tissues are the sites where lymphocytes _______. a. are stimulated; develop and mature b. encounter pathogens; undergo apoptosis c. develop and mature; become stimulated d. undergo clonal selection; differentiate from hematopoietic stem cells e. die; are phagocytosed after death
develop and mature; become stimulated
44
The spleen differs from other secondary lymphoid organs in which of the following ways? a. It does not contain T cells. b. It filters blood as well as lymph. c. It is populated by specialized cells called M cells. d. It receives pathogens via afferent lymphatic vessels. e. It has no connection with the lymphatics
It has no connection with the lymphatics.
45
Examples of pathogens that cause human disease include: a. bacteria b. viruses c. fungi d. parasites (protozoans and worms). e. All of the above are examples of pathogens that cause human disease
All of the above are examples of pathogens that cause human disease
46
Which of the following is not associated with mucosal surfaces? a. mucus-secreting goblet cells b. lysozyme c. M cells d. white pulp e. beating cilia
white pulp
47
Which of the following pairs is mismatched? a. lymphocytes: innate immune response b. natural killer cell: kills virus-infected cells c. macrophage: phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms d. erythrocyte: oxygen transport e. eosinophil: defense against parasites
lymphocytes: innate immune response
48
A term generally used to describe all white blood cells is _____. a. hematopoietic cells b. myeloid progenitor c. dendritic cells d. monocytes e. leukocytes
leukocytes
49
Examples of granulocytes include all of the following except: a. neutrophil b. monocyte c. basophil d. eosinophil. e. All of the above are examples of granulocytes
monocyte
50
The most abundant type of leukocyte in human peripheral blood is the _____. a. eosinophil b. basophil c. neutrophil d. monocyte e. lymphocyte
neutrophil
51
Which of the following statements are correct? (Select All) a. Macrophages are granulocytes. b. Macrophages derive from monocytes. c. Macrophages are non-phagocytic. d. Macrophages reside in the tissues. e. All of the above statements are false
b. Macrophages derive from monocytes. | d. Macrophages reside in the tissues.
52
Which of the following pairs is mismatched? a. monocyte progenitor: macrophage b. erythroid progenitor: megakaryocyte c. myeloid progenitor: neutrophil d. lymphoid progenitor: natural killer cell. e. None of the above is mismatched
None of the above is mismatched
53
Which of the following pairs of associations is mismatched? a. large granular lymphocyte: T cell b. megakaryocyte: platelet c. B cell: plasma cell c. monocyte: macrophage d. myeloid progenitor: neutrophil
large granular lymphocyte: T cell
54
Which of the following statements is false? a. During human development, hematopoiesis takes place at different anatomical locations. b. The hematopoietic stem cell gives rise to white blood cells, but a different stem cell is the progenitor of red blood cells. c. Hematopoietic stem cells are self-renewing. d. Platelets participate in clotting reactions to prevent blood loss. e. Megakaryocytes do not circulate and reside only in the bone marrow
The hematopoietic stem cell gives rise to white blood cells, but a different stem cell is the progenitor of red blood cells.
55
Which of the following describes the flow of lymph through a lymph node draining an infected tissue? a. efferent lymphatic vessel --> lymph node --> afferent lymphatic vessel b. venule --> lymph node --> efferent lymphatic vessel c. afferent lymphatic vessel --> lymph node --> efferent lymphatic vessel d. artery --> lymph node --> efferent lymphatic vessel e. afferent lymphatic vessel --> lymph node --> artery
afferent lymphatic vessel --> lymph node --> efferent lymphatic vessel
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