Chapter 1

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

the body’s ability to maintain internal stability; relatively constant and favorable.

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

a study of the normal function of cells, tissues, and organs in living organisms.

Question 3

Pathophysiology

Answer 3

describes abnormal body functions, especially those mechanisms known to be altered by diseases.

Question 4

Total body water (TBW)

Answer 4

• All of the water in the animal body
• Approximately 67-70% of body weight
• Mostly intracellular or extracellular fluid

Question 5

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Answer 5

• All body fluid outside of cells.
• Comprises about 30% of TBW
• Includes interstitial fluid, blood plasma, & transcellular fluid.

Question 6

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

Answer 6

• All body fluid inside of cells.

* Comprises about 70% of TBW

Question 7

Interstitial Fluid (ISF)

Answer 7

• Main component of extracellular fluid
• Solution that surrounds cells; found in interstitial spaces (tissue spaces)
• about 20% of TBW

Question 8

Osmolarity

Answer 8

• The measure of solute concentration.
• number of osmoles (Osm) of solute per L of solution
• Osmolarity of most body fluids is about 300 mOsm/l

Question 9

Osmolality

Answer 9

Osmoles per kilogram of solvent

Question 10

Mole

Answer 10

unit of measurement to express amounts of chemical substance

• Avogadro’s constant=6.023 x 10^23
• mole of NaCl= 58.5g

Question 11

Freezing Point Depression

Answer 11

describes the process in which adding a solute to a solvent decreases the freezing point of the solvent.

Question 12

Acidosis

Answer 12

an increased acidity in the blood and other body tissue (i.e. an increased hydrogen ion concentration)
*pH falls below 7.35

Question 13

Alkalosis

Answer 13

reduced hydrogen ion concentration of arterial blood plasma

*pH of blood exceeds 7.45

Question 14

Hypernatremia

Answer 14

an electrolyte disturbance that is defined by an elevated sodium level in the blood.
*generally not caused by an excess of sodium, but rather by a deficit of free water in the body (Dehydration)

Question 15

Hyponatremia

Answer 15

an electrolyte disturbance in which the sodium ion concentration in the serum is lower than normal.

Question 16

Hyperkalemia

Answer 16

refers to the condition in which the concentration of the electrolyte potassium (K+) in the blood is elevated.

Question 17

Hypokalemia

Answer 17

refers to the condition in which the concentration of potassium (K+) in the blood is low.

Question 18

Hypercapnia

Answer 18

a condition where there is too much carbon dioxide in the blood.

Question 19

Hypercarbia

Answer 19

another name of hypercapnia; too much carbon dioxide in the blood.

Question 20

Azotemia

Answer 20

a medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of nitrogen-containing compounds. (urea, creatinine, various body waste compounds, and other nitrogen-rich compounds in the blood)
*Insufficient filtering of blood by the kidneys.

Question 21

Deciliter

Answer 21

10 deciliters in a liter; 100 ml in a deciliter

Question 22

Blood Plasma

Answer 22

• Portion of extracellular fluid; fluid portion of blood.
• About 92% is water; most of the rest is protein.
• 7-9% of TBW

Question 23

Transcellular Fluid

Answer 23

• Portion of extracellular fluid found within epithelial lined spaces.
• 1-3% TBW
• includes CSF, aqueous humor, secretions, tubular fluid, etc.

Question 24

Dehydration

Answer 24

*Loss of water; expressed in percent body weight
(A) 5%= skin has doughy consistency
(B) 7%= loss of skin elasticity; eyeballs appear sunken; urine has high specific gravity
(C) 10-12%= involuntary muscle twitching & shock
(D) 15%= severe shock and a moribund state

Question 25

Major Intracellular Solutes

Answer 25

1. Potassium 2. Phosphate 3. Magnesium

Question 26

Major Extracellular Solutes

Answer 26

1. Sodium 2. Chloride 3. Bicarbonate

Question 27

Importance of Ion Content *Electrolyte depletion (K+ or Ca++)

Answer 27

Extreme weakness and abnormal cardiac function.

Question 28

Importance of Ion Content *Narrow range of pH

Answer 28

Most cellular biochemical reactions are dependent on a very narrow range of H+ concentration. Life may be threatened if the blood pH varies more than 0.3 unit. * Normal pH=7.4 * pH=-log[H+]

Question 29

Importance of Ion Content *Deficiency of plasma HCO^3-

Answer 29

Severe metabolic acidosis

Question 30

Importance of Ion Content *Alteration in Na+ concentration of body fluids

Answer 30

has a serious effect on the hydration status of the animal; water follows Na+

Question 31

More concentrated inside of outside of the cell? 1. Na+ 2. K+ 3. Cl- 4. Ca++ 5. Mg++ 6. Protein

Answer 31

1. (Na+) Extracellular 2. (K+) Intracellular 3. (Cl-) Extracellular 4. (Ca++) Extracellular 5. (Mg++) Intracellular 6. (Protein) Intracellular

Question 32

Hypoosmolal states

Answer 32

Cause water to shift from the ECF to the ICF.

Question 33

Hyperosmolar states

Answer 33

Casue water to move from the ICF to the ECF; usually casued by hypernatremia or hyperglycemia.

Question 34

Hyperglycemia

Answer 34

High levels of glucose in the blood.

Question 35

Measurement of volume of compartment by an indicator

Answer 35

Volume= Quantity of indicator added/ Concentration of indicator **Subtract anything lost from the numerator.

Question 36

Packed Cell Volume (PCV)

Answer 36

Percentage of whole blood that is occupied by red blood cells. **Also termed Hematocrit (Hct)

Question 37

What are the 4 ways to measure solute concentration?

Answer 37

1. Mass/Volume 2. Molecular Concentration/Volume 3. Particle #/Volume 4. Electrochemical reactivity/Volume

Question 38

Average osmolarity of serum, and which ion is it most dependent on?

Answer 38

about 300 mOsm/L; Na+

Question 39

How do you measure fluid compartment size?

Answer 39

Indicator dilution; Amount of indicator added/concentration of marker when completely diffused= volume of compartment

Question 40

What indicator do you use to measure total body water? What additional change must you account for when using the indicator dilution principle?

Answer 40

Deuterium Oxide (D2O) You have to subtract any amount of indicator lost (urine). Total D2O-amount lost/concentration of D2O after dilution= Total body water

Question 41

What indicator do you use to measure blood plasma volume? How do you use this measurement to find Total blood volume?

Answer 41

Evan's Blue Blood Volume= plasma volume x (100/(100-PCV))

Question 42

How do you determine Interstitial fluid volume?

Answer 42

Difference between the volume of extracellular fluid and plasma

Question 43

How do you determine extracellular fluid volume?

Answer 43

A substance called inulin is added in the extracellular fluid. Inulin is collected through the urine at different intervals and measured. Volume=total inulin collected in urine/concentration of inulin in beginning

Question 44

How do you determine Intracellular fluid volume?

Answer 44

Calculate the difference between total body water and extracellular fluid volume.

Question 45

Hypotonic solution

Answer 45

causes a cell to swell

Question 46

Hypertonic solution

Answer 46

causes a cell to shrink