Chapter 1

Question 1

Types of Scientific Inquiries

Answer 1

• Discovery based science: based on something already there in nature we can observe, measure and study with the data we gather being qualitative
  ○ Describes natural structures and processes
  • Hypothesis based science: based on the observation, a question is formed proposing a hypothesis with data we gather being more quantitative
    ○ Often make use of two or more hypothesis

Question 2

Theory

Answer 2

• Much broader than a hypothesis
  
  • Able to create many more hypotheses off of it
  • Supported by greater bodies of evidence

Question 3

Scientific Method

Answer 3

1. Observation
   2. Ask question
   3. Hypothesis
   4. Prediction(if and then statement)(design experiment)
   5. Test prediction
      6. Support or reject hypothesis based on results

Question 4

Hypothesis

Answer 4

• Must be testable and falsifiable(be able to be proven wrong)
  Just because results don’t support hypothesis doesn’t make it true

Question 5

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 5

a type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise

Question 6

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 6

derives generalizations from a large number of specific observations

Question 7

Characteristics of Living Things

Answer 7

• Reproduction
  
  • Growth and development
  • Energy processing
  • Respond to the environment
  • Evolutionary adaptation
  • Regulate processes(e.g. growth and development)
  • Order: living organisms have intricate order/ animals when reproducing will look alike

Question 8

4 Properties of Life:

Answer 8

• Organization
  • Information/Gene Expression
  • Energy utilization
  • Interactions with the Environment

Question 9

Hierarchy of Biological Organization

Answer 9

1. The biosphere: includes everywhere you find life on earth
   2. Ecosystems: all living things in one particular area with specific chemical properties along with nonliving things
   3. Communities: an array of organisms(all the populations) inhabiting a particular ecosystem
   4. Populations: all the individual species living within the bounds of a specific area
   5. Organisms: individual living beings
   6. Organs and organ systems: a body part made up of multiple tissues which has a specific function within the organism
   7. Tissue: a group of cells that come together to perform a specialized function
   8. Cells: the fundamental unit of life, structure and function
   9. Organelles: functional component’s within cells e.g. chloroplasts
      10. Molecules: a chemical structure consisting of two or more atoms

Question 10

Reductionalism

Answer 10

an approach of reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study

Question 11

Emergent Properties

Answer 11

new properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life

- Emergent properties arise from the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.

Question 12

Systems Biology

Answer 12

model the dynamic behavior of a whole scientific process by studying the interaction between system parts

Question 13

Importance of Structure and Function

Answer 13

• Each biological level shows a correlation between structure and function
  • Therefore analyzing a biological structure can give us a clue about what its function is

Question 14

What all cells need

Answer 14

Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes:
- Plasma membrane
- Genome/genetic material (not necessarily a nucleus)
- Ribosomes: where protein synthesis occurs
- Cytoplasm

Eukaryotes only:
- Organelles membrane bound genetic material

Question 15

Types of Cells

Answer 15

• Prokaryotic: found in bacteria and archaea which lacks a membrane around the nucleus and lacks a membrane bound organelles
  ○ Generally smaller
  • Eukaryotic: membrane bound nucleus with membrane bound organelles
    ○ Found in animals, protists, plants and fungi

Question 16

Gene Expression

Answer 16

the process in which information encoded in DNA creates the synthesis of proteins or instead it creates RNA’s

Question 17

Process of Gene Expression

Answer 17

• Transcription: using the information from the sequence of DNA nucleotides, the cell transcribes it into mRNA
  • Translation: the cell then translates the information in the mRNA into a sequence of nucleotides to make a series of linked amino acid chains(protein)
  • Protein Folding: the chain of amino acids then fold over due to chemical bonds between certain nucleotides

Question 18

How Life involves the transfer and transformation of Energy

Answer 18

• Everything requires energy to do
  • Energy is primarily either from the sun or from transforming another form
  • Energy when used to perform movements or processes can be lost to the environment through heat
  • Therefore energy moves through an ecosystem in one direction - enters as light and leaves as heat

Question 19

Feedback Regulation:

Answer 19

the regulation of a process by its output and end product

Question 20

Types of Feedback

Answer 20

• Negative Feedback: the product reduces the initial stimulus
  ○ E.g. after a meal, your glucose levels rise, stimulating the pancreas to secrete insulin which causes cells to take up glucose, therefore decreasing the glucose levels in your blood.
  ○ Ultimately it eliminates the need of insulin production because glucose levels decrease
  • Positive Feedback: the end product speeds up its own production
    ○ E.g. when a blood vessel is damaged, platelets begin to accumulate at the site, and the presence of platelets attract more platelets until the wound is sealed

Question 21

Organism Interaction

Answer 21

• At the ecosystem level, every organims interacts with other organisms which help with regulating the ecosystem
  
  • Interactions can be mutually beneficial, both suffer, or where one organism is harmed and the other gains
  • Organisms also constantly interact with their physical environment
  • Alternatively, environemnts can be affected by interaction with organisms

Question 22

Evolution

Answer 22

the process of biological change in which species accumulate differences from their ancestors as they adapt to different environments over time

Question 23

3 Domains of Life

Answer 23

• Archea
• Bacteria
• Eukarya

Question 24

Kingdoms of Eukarya

Answer 24

• Protista: heterotrophs and autotrophs
• Fungi: decomposers and saprophytic(secrete enzymes outside to digest food externally and then reabsorb them)
• Plants: autotrophic
• Animalia: heterotrophic(get nutrients from food and breakdown interally

Question 25

Charles Darwin Theory of Evolution Points

Answer 25

1. Descent with modification: Species adapt to different environments over time and overtime accumulate differences to their ancestors ○ Shows unity in the kinship among species form ancestors and diversity in modifications that happens from evolving species 2. Natural selection is a primary cause of Descent with Modification