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Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is epistemology?

  1. The study of human behaviour
  2. The study of the nature of knowledge
  3. The study of Ancient Greek philosophy
  4. The study of innate ideas
A
  1. The study of the nature of knowledge
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2
Q

According to Platonic Epistemology, where does knowledge come from?

  1. It is acquired through sensory experiences
  2. It is developed through logical reasoning
  3. It is innate and exists in the soul before birth
  4. It is transmitted from teacher to student
A
  1. It is innate and exists in the soul before birth
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3
Q

In Platonic Epistemology, what is learning considered to be?

  1. The acquisition of new information
  2. The development of ideas buried deep in the soul
  3. The memorization of facts and figures
  4. The process of forgetting unnecessary information
A
  1. The development of ideas buried deep in the soul
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4
Q

According to Aristotle’s epistemology, what is the most reliable way to gain useful knowledge?

  1. Through innate ideas
  2. Through observation and experience
  3. Through logical deduction
  4. Through divine revelation
A
  1. Through observation and experience
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5
Q

What does Aristotle’s epistemology say about innate ideas?

  1. They are the foundation of all knowledge
  2. They exist but are unreliable
  3. There are no innate ideas
  4. They are superior to observed knowledge
A
  1. There are no innate ideas
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6
Q

What does the document suggest about colour, smell, and taste?

  1. They are objective properties of objects
  2. They are illusions created by the mind
  3. They are perceptions from our receptors
  4. They can be scientifically measure
A
  1. They are perceptions from our receptors
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7
Q

Why can’t we explain the concept of red to a blind person?

  1. Because red doesn’t exist
  2. Due to the subjective nature of perception
  3. Blind people can understand colours through touch
  4. The concept of red is complex
A
  1. Due to the subjective nature of perception
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8
Q
  • There are innate ideas
  • Senses are poor, unreliable means to knowledge
  • The most reliable means to gain knowledge and truth is via a prior reason and introspection
A

Rationalism

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9
Q
  • There are not innate ideas
  • Senses are a reliable, indeed the only means to knowledge
  • Prior reasoning is fin as far as it goes, but it is very limited as to what can provide us in the way of knowledge
  • The most reliable way to useful knowledge is through observation and experience
A

Empiricism

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10
Q

According to Rousseau, what happens to everything once it gets into the hands of a man?

  1. It improves
  2. It remains unchanged
  3. It degenerates
  4. It becomes perfect
A
  1. It degenerates
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11
Q

According to Locke, what are children born with?

  1. Minds filled with ideas
  2. Minds as blank as slates
  3. Fully formed personalities
  4. Extensive knowledge
A
  1. Minds as blank as slates
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12
Q

What is the theory of child development defined as?

  1. A set of ideas designed to explain and make predictions about development
  2. A collection of observations about children’s behaviour
  3. A series of experiments conducted and child subjects
  4. A historical record of children’s welfare concerns
A
  1. A set of ideas designed to explain and make predictions about development
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13
Q

Which factors contributed to the emergence of the first Western scientific theories of child development?

  1. Advances in technology and industrialization
  2. Progress in Western science and concerns about children’s welfare
  3. Increased global communication and cultural exchange
  4. Economic growth and urbanization
A
  1. Progress in Western science and concerns about children’s welfare
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14
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the foundational theories of child development?

  1. The biological perspective
  2. The sociocultural perspective
  3. The psychodynamic perspective
  4. The contextual perspective
A
  1. The sociocultural perspective
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15
Q

What are the 5 foundational theories of child development?

A
  1. The biological perspective
  2. The psychodynamic perspective
  3. The learning perspective
  4. The cognitive-development perspective
  5. The contextual perspective
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16
Q

According to the biological perspective, what is the primary determinant of development?

  1. Environmental factors
  2. Social interactions
  3. Biological forces
  4. Cultural influences
A
  1. Biological forces
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17
Q

In maturation theory, development is viewed as:

  1. A result of social learning
  2. The natural unfolding of a pre-arranged biological plan
  3. A consequence of environmental stimuli
  4. An outcome of cognitive processes
A
  1. The natural unfolding of a pre-arranged biological plan
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18
Q

How does ethnological theory view many behaviours?

  1. As learned responses
  2. As maladaptive traits
  3. As culturally determined
  4. As adaptive with survival value
A
  1. As adaptive with survival value
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19
Q

According to Darwin, what can help understand how a species developed?

  1. Studying the fossil record
  2. Understanding the development of individuals within a species
  3. Analyzing genetic mutations
  4. Observing interspecies competition
A
  1. Understanding the development of individuals within a species
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20
Q

In Darwin’s theory, what characteristics in babies is associated with better survival?

  1. Fearlessness
  2. Aggression
  3. Cautiousness
  4. Curiosity
A
  1. Cautiousness
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21
Q

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as part of Darwin’s theory in the document?

  1. Organisms can have more offspring than can be supported
  2. Not all offspring will be the same
  3. Those with good characteristics will survive
  4. Environmental factors determine mutations rates
A
  1. Environmental factors determine mutation rates
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22
Q

According to G. Stanley Hall, what was the basis for child development?

  1. Children would recapitulate evolutionary stages as they grew up
  2. Children should be pushed ahead of their development stage
  3. Children develop at a constant rate regardless of evolutionary stages
  4. Children’s development is independent of evolutionary theory
A
  1. Children would recapitulate evolutionary stages as they grew up
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23
Q

Which theory had a significant influence on G. Stanley Hall’s work?

  1. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
  2. Piaget’s cognitive development theory
  3. Skinner’ behaviourism
  4. Darwin’s theory of evolution
A
  1. Darwin’s theory of evolution
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24
Q

Who proposed that the embryonic development of each organism follows the evolutionary history of its species?

  1. Charles Darwin
  2. Ernst Haeckel
  3. G. Stanley Hall
  4. Jean Piaget
A
  1. Ernst Haeckel
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25
What does the phrase ‘ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny’ suggest? 1. Child development parallels human evolution 2. Embryos determine species phylogeny 3. Children are psychologically similar to adults 4. Human evolution is embedded in embryos
1. Child development parallels human evolution
26
According to Hall, how are children psychologically similar to? 1. Modern adults 2. Other animal species 3. ‘Primitive’ humans 4. Embryos of their own species
3. ‘Primitive’ humans
27
According to Arnold Gesell’s Maturational theory, what is the main driver of child development? 1. Environmental factors 2. Parental influence 3. Genetics 4. Social interactions
3. Genetics
28
What approach did Arnold Gesell notably contribute to in studying children? 1. Experimental 2. Longitudinal 3. Cross-sectional 4. Normative
4. Normative
29
In Gesell’s approach, how were developmental milestones determined? 1. Through genetic testing 2. By observing large numbers of children at various ages 3. Through controlled experiments 4. By interviewing parents
2. By observing large numbers of children at various ages
30
What concept does Gesell’s theory suggest about child’s ability to perform certain tasks? 1. It depends solely on practice 2. It occurs randomly 3. There is a predetermined sequence 4. It varies greatly between individuals
3. There is a predetermined sequence
31
How did Gesell make child development knowledge meaningful to parents? 1. By providing personalized assessments 2. By creating detailed growth charts 3. By informing them of expectations at each stage 4. By offering parenting classes
3. By informing them of expectations at each stage
32
What is the main focus of ethology? 1. The psychological development of children 2. The adaptive and survival value of behaviour and its evolutionary history 3. The critical periods in language acquisition 4. The impact of nutrition on intelligence
2. The adaptive and survival value of behaviour and its evolutionary history
33
What is a critical period? 1. A time when a child is too young to learn 2. The age at which intelligence becomes fixed 3. A time when a child is ready and able to learn something specific 4. The period when physical stimulation is most important
3. A time when a child is ready and able to learn something specific
34
Who is mentioned as a key figure in ethology? 1. B.F. Skinner 2. Jean Piaget 3. Sigmund Freud 4. Konrad Lorenz
4. Konrad Lorenz
35
According to the psychodynamic perspective, how is development determined? 1. By genetic factors 2. By environmental influences 3. By how a child resolves conflicts at different ages 4. By cognitive abilities
3. By how a child resolves conflicts at different ages
36
Which of the following are the two major theories mentioned in the psychodynamic perspective? 1. Piaget’s cognitive theory and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory 2. Freud’s psychosexual theory and Erikson’s psychosocial theory 3. Bandura’s social learning theory and Skinner’s behaviourism 4. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Roger’s humanistic theory
2. Freud’s psychosexual theory and Erikson’s psychosocial theory
37
According to Freud’s psychodynamic perspective, what are the three components of personality? 1. Conscious, subconscious, unconscious 2. Id, ego, superego 3. Mind, body, spirit 4. Thoughts, feelings, behaviours
2. Id, ego, superego
38
In the psychodynamic perceptive, what is believed to have an enduring effect on children’s development? 1. Genetic predisposition 2. Peer relationships 3. Experiences 4. Parental education
3. Experiences
39
What type of conflict do children experience according to the psychodynamic perspective? 1. Between their desires and what they ‘should’ do 2. Between their parents and teachers 3. Between their conscious and unconscious mind 4. Between their id and superego
1. Between their desires and what they ‘should’ do
40
Which part of the mind is described as the ‘conscious’, rational part of personality? 1. Id 2. Ego 3. Superego 4. Feeling guilty/shameful
2. Ego
41
At what age range does the superego typically develop? 1. Early infancy 2. Ages 3 to 6 3. Ages 6 to 9 4. Adolescence
2. Ages 3 to 6
42
Which component part of the personality is described as ‘the conscious’? 1. Id 2. Ego 3. Superego 4. Feeling guilty/shameful
3. Superego
43
What is described as the ‘largest portion of the mind’? 1. Superego 2. Ego 3. Feeling guilty/shameful 4. Id
4. Id
44
What does the document suggest about undergratification and overgratification? (Psychosexual stage) 1. They are both good for development 2. They are both necessary for growth 3. Neither is good for development 4. Only overgratification is beneficial
3. Neither is good for development
45
What happens if a child’s needs are not met in the psychosexual stage? 1. The child will adapt quickly 2. The child will be stuck at that developmental stage 3. The child will skip that stage entirely 4. The child will become more independent
2. The child will be stuck sat that developmental stage
46
What does the phrase ‘if i can’t fight him I’ll join him’ likely refer to in this context? (Psychosexual stage) 1. A strategy for social interaction 2. A developmental coping mechanism 3. A literal fighting technique 4. A method of conflict resolution
2. À developmental coping mechanism
47
What developmental period is the oral psychosexual stage? 1. 3-6 years 2. 6-11 years 3. Birth - 1 year 4. 1-3 years
3. Birth- 1 year
48
What developmental period is the anal psychosexual stage? 1. 1-3 years 2. 6-11 years 3. Adolescence 4. Birth - 1 year
1. 1-3 years
49
What developmental period is the phallic psychosexual stage? 1. 1-3 years 2. 3-6 years 3. Adolescence 4. 6-11 years
2. 3-6 years
50
What developmental period is the latency psychosexual stage? 1. Birth-1year 2.1-3 years 3. 6-11 years 4. 3-6 years
3. 6-11 years
51
What developmental period is the genital psychosexual stage? 1. 1-3 years 2. 6-11 years 3. Adolescence 4. 1-3 years
3. Adolescence
52
During which psychosexual stage does toilet training become a key development task? 1. Oral 2. Anal 3. Phallic 4. Genital
2. Anal
53
What might result if a child’s oral needs are not adequately met during infancy? 1. Excessive independence 2. Obsession with orderliness 3. Habits like smoking or nail biting in adulthood 4. Fear of intimacy
3. Habits like smoking or nail biting in adulthood
54
Which stage is associated with the Oedipus and Electra complex? 1. Anal 2. Phallic 3. Latency 4. Genital
2. Phallic
55
What characterizes the latency stage of development? 1. Intense sexual feelings 2. Repression of sexual urges and focus on same-sex peers 3. Obsession with messiness or cleanliness 4. Identity crisis
2. Repression of sexual urges and focus on same-sex peers
56
What is the primary developmental task of the genital stage? 1. Toilet training 2. Developing fine motor skills 3. Establishing mature sexual relationships 4. Identifying with the same-sex parent
3. Establishing mature sexual relationships
57
Which of the following is an example of an oral fixation? 1. Pride 2. Obsessiveness 3. Nail-biting 4. Vanity
3. Nail-biting
58
What trait is associated with someone whio may be fixated at the anal stage? 1. Smoking 2. Exhibitionism 3. Rigidity 4. Gum-chewing
3. Rigidity
59
A person who is highly focused on their physical appearance and seeks attention through showing off might be experiencing a fixation from which stage? 1. Oral 2. Anal 3. Phallic 4. Genital
3. Phallic
60
What was Erik Erikson’s main criticism of Freud’s theory? 1. It was too focused on the sexual side 2. It was too focused on childhood development 3. It was too focused on the unconscious mind 4. It was not focused enough on the social aspect
4. It was not focused enough on the social aspect
61
With whom did Erik study? 1. Sigmund Freud 2. Carl Jung 3. Freud’s daughter 4. Alfred Adler
3. Freud’s daughter
62
Who is Erik Erickson? 1. A psychoanalyst focused on sexual aspects 2. A student of Freud’s daughter 3. A psychosocial theorist 4. Freud’s main critic
3. À psychosocial theorist
63
What is the main conflict in the first stage of Erikson’s theory (birth-1 year)? 1. Initiative vs. Guilt 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt 3. Basic Trust vs. Mistrust 4. Identity vs. Role confusion
3. Basic trust vs. Mistrust
64
If a toddler (1-3 years) is not allowed to make choices or is overly shamed, what might develop? 1. Trust 2. Inferiority 3. Shame and doubt 4. Role confusion
3. Shame and doubt
65
Which stage focuses on the development of initiative and purpose through play and decision-making? 1. Industry vs. Inferiority 2. Identity vs. Role confusion 3. Initiative vs. Guilt 4. Integrity vs. Despair
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)
66
According to the chart, what might cause inferiority in the school years (6-11 years)? 1. Lack of autonomy 2. Over-praising by teachers or parents 3. Failure to develop intimacy 4. Too much freedom in adolescence
2. Over-praising by teachers or parents
67
During adolescence, the crisis is: 1. Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt 2. Generativity vs. Stagnation 3. Identity vs. Role confusion 4. Industry vs. Inferiority
3. Identity vs. Role confusion
68
What is the key psychosocial task of early adulthood? 1. Developing industry 2. Forming close relationships 3. Establishing trust 4. Creating a sense of autonomy
2. Forming close relationships
69
In late adulthood, reflecting back on life leads to: 1. Pride or shame 2. Identity or confusion 3. Trust or mistrust 4. Integrity or despair
4. Integrity or despaire
70
Which psychologist is associated with classical conditioning? 1. B.F. Skinner 2. Ivan Pavlov 3. John Watson 4. Albert Bandura
2. Ivan Pavlov
71
What does operant conditioning emphasize? 1. Forming associations between two stimuli 2. Reinforcement and punishment 3. Observing and imitating others’ behaviour 4. Cognitive thought processes
2. Reinforcement and punishment
72
According to the learning perspective, behaviour is mainly shaped by: 1. Stages of cognitive growth 2. Genetic inheritance 3. Environmental factors 4. Biological instincts
3. Environmental factors
73
Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning? 1. A dog salivating at the sound of a bell 2. A student studying harder after being rewarded 3. A child cleaning their room to avoid punishment 4. A person observing and copying another’s actions
1. À dog salivating at the sound of a bell
74
In Pavlov’s experiments, the bell became a: 1. Unconditioned stimulus 2. Conditioned stimulus 3. Neutral response 4. Primary reinforcer
2. Conditioned stimulus
75
Which psychologist studied operant conditioning? 1. Ivan Pavlov 2. John Watson 3. Albert Bandura 4. B.F. Skinner
4. B.F. Skinner
76
Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement? 1. Giving a child candy for finishing homework 2. Taking away chores to reward good grades 3. Getting a speeding ticket for driving too fast 4. Losing privileges after misbehaviour
1. Giving a child candy for finishing homework
77
According to the learning perspective, human behaviour is shaped mainly by: 1. Environment and experience 2. Biological instincts 3. Stages of cognitive development 4. Unconscious motives
1. Environment and experience
78
In operant conditioning, shaping refers to: 1. Rewarding only the final desired behaviour 2. Punishing incorrect responses until the behaviour changes 3. Gradually reinforcing successive approximations toward the desired behaviour 4. Pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
3. Gradually reinforcing successive approximations toward the desired behaviour
79
In the Little Albert experiment, when Albert also showed fear of rabbits and fear of rabbits and fur coats, this demonstrated: 1. Discrimination 2. Extinction 3. Generalization 4. Reinforcement
3. Generalization
80
Observational learning occurs when children learn by: 1. Trial and error 2. Reinforcement and punishment 3. Watching and imitating others 4. Practicing repeatedly
3. Watching and imitating others
81
Bandura’s famous experiment that demonstrated observational learning was called the: 1. Little Albert Experiment 2. Bobo Doll Experiment 3. Pavlov’s Dog Experiment 4. Skinner Box Experiment
2. Bobo Doll Experiment
82
Bandura’s social-cognitive theory emphasizes that children: 1. Passively absorb knowledge from the environment 2. Actively interpret events and respond based on their perceptions 3. Only learn when rewarded or punished 4. Must progress through fixed developmental stages
2. Actively interpret events and respond based on their perceptions
83
According to social-cognitive theory, children develop a sense of _______ through experience, which influence their behaviour. 1. Self-concept 2. Self-esteem 3. Self-efficacy 4. Self-control
3. Self-efficacy
84
Which of the following best describes self-efficacy? 1. The belief that intelligence is fixed 2. The confidence that one can succeed at a task through effort 3. A fear of failure that limits behaviour 4. The tendency to imitate others without reflection
2. Thé confidence that one can succeed at a task through effort
85
À toddler repeatedly drops a spoon from their high chair, watching each time to see what happens when it hits the floor. According to Piaget, this behaviour best illustrates: 1. Operant conditioning through reinforcement 2. Observational learning 3. The child as a « little scientist » experimenting with cause and effect 4. Classical conditioning with environmental cues
3. Thé child as a « little scientist » experimenting with cause and effect
86
According to Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory, children develop knowledge by: 1. Memorizing facts given by adults 2. Actively constructing and revising theories through experience 3. Passively absorbing information from the environment 4. Being shaped mainly through reinforcement and punishment
2. Actively constructing and revising theories through experience
87
À baby shakes a rattle, drops it and then picks it up again to repeat the action. According to Piaget, this behaviour is most characteristic of which stage? 1. Preoperational 2. Sensorimotor 3. Concrete operational 4. Formal operational
2. Sensorimotor
88
A 4-year-old insists that the sun sets « because it wants to go to sleep ». This reflects which feature of Piaget’s stages? 1. Egocentrism in the preoperational stage 2. Logical reasoning in the concrete operational stage 3. Abstract thought in the formal operational stage 4. Motor exploration in the sensorimotor stage
1. Egocentrism in the preoperational stage
89
A 9-year-old solves a math problem correctly only when using real objects (like blocks), but struggles with abstract equations. This child is in which stage? 1. Sensorimotor 2. Preoperational 3. Concrete operational 4. Formal operational
3. Concrete operational
90
À teenager debates about justice, freedom, and hypothetical scenarios like « what if gravity stopped working? » this reflects which of Piaget’s stages? 1. Preoperational 2. Concrete operational 3. Formal operational 4. Sensorimotor
3. Formal operational
91
According to the contextual perpective, development is shaped by: 1. Only genetics 2. Immediate and distant environments that influence each other 3. Reinforcement and punishment alone 4. A child’s independent exploration without social input
2. Immediate and distant environments that influence each other
92
Lev Vygotsky emphasized that adults help children learn by: 1. Letting them figure everything out independently 2. Reinforcing only correct behaviours 3. Conveying cultural beliefs, skills, and customs 4. Limiting social interactions to encourage independence
3. Conveying cultural beliefs, skills, and customs
93
The concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) refers to: 1. Skills a child can perform alone without assistance 2. Skills too advanced for a child to learn at any stage 3. Tasks a child can accomplish with guidance but not yet independently 4. Reinforcement methods used to increase desired behaviour
3. Tasks a child can accomplish with guidance but not yet independently
94
A 6-year-old child is trying to solve a puzzle. Alone, the child struggles and cannot complete it. When the parent gives hints and demonstrates a strategy, the child is bale to finish the puzzle successfully. After practicing with support a few times, the child can later complete the puzzle independently. 1. Operant conditioning 2. Classical conditioning 3. Zone of proximal development (ZDP) 4. Concrete operational thinking
3. Zone of proximal development (ZDP)
95
The zone of achieved development (ZAD) represents: 1. What a learner can do only with adult guidance 2. What a learner cannot yet do, even with help 3. What a learner can already do independently 4. The cultural tools adults pass on to children
3. What a learner can already do independently
96
The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) refers to: A) The skills a learner has already mastered B) The gap between what a learner can do alone and what they can do with guidance C) Abilities that are permanently beyond a learner’s reach D) Independent trial-and-error learning without support
2. The gap between what a learner can do alone and what they can do with guidance
97
According to Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory, which system involves the immediate environment a child directly interacts with (e.g., family, school, peers)? A) Exosystem B) Microsystem C) Macrosystem D) Chronosystem
2. Microsystem
98
Which system in Bronfenbrenner’s theory includes cultural values, laws, and customs that indirectly shape a child’s development? A) Microsystem B) Mesosystem C) Macrosystem D) Exosystem
3. Macrosystem
99
The Chronosystem in Bronfenbrenner’s model refers to: A) The child’s direct interactions with parents and teachers B) The influence of time and life transitions on development C) The cultural context in which the child grows up D) The connections between school and home
2. The influence of time and life transitions on development
100
A child’s parents regularly meet with the child’s teacher to discuss progress. This is an example of which system? A) Mesosystem B) Microsystem C) Macrosystem D) Chronosystem
1. Mesosytem
101
A teenager experiencing their parents’ divorce and adapting to a new family structure is an example of which system at work? A) Mesosystem B) Exosystem C) Chronosystem D) Microsystem
3. Chronosystem
102
A country introduces a new law requiring all children to attend school until age 18. According to Bronfenbrenner, this change belongs to which system? A) Exosystem B) Macrosystem C) Microsystem D) Chronosystem
2. Macrosystem
103
Which statement best describes the relationship between early and later development? A) Early development perfectly predicts later development B) Early development has no connection to later development C) Early development is related to later development but not perfectly D) Later development is independent of early experiences
C) Early development is related to later development but not perfectly
104
According to child-development research, development is always influenced by: A) Environment only B) Heredity only C) A mix of heredity and environment D) Neither heredity nor environment
C) A mix of heredity and environment
105
Which theme highlights that children actively shape their own growth? A) Development in different domains is connected B) Early development is related to later development C) Children influence their own development D) Development is influenced by heredity alone
C) Children influence their own development
106
When researchers say "development in different domains is connected," they mean: A) Cognitive, social, emotional, and physical growth influence one another B) Development in one area occurs completely independently of others C) Only physical development matters D) Domains of development are unrelated
A) Cognitive, social, emotional, and physical growth influence one another
107
What does the continuous view of development suggest? A) Children progress in abrupt, separate stages B) Children stay on the same path throughout development C) Development has no relation to early experiences D) Children can completely skip stages of development
B) Children stay on the same path throughout development
108
According to the discontinuous view, development is characterized by: A) Smooth, gradual change B) Completely predictable outcomes C) Children changing paths at different points in development D) No influence from earlier development
C) Children changing paths at different points in development
109
The continuity-discontinuity issue addresses: A) Whether development is more influenced by heredity or environment B) Whether development is gradual or occurs in distinct stages C) Whether children influence their own development D) Whether development in different domains is connected
B) Whether development is gradual or occurs in d’instinct stages
110
Which statement best reflects the reality of development, according to the slide? A) Development is perfectly predictable B) Development is completely flexible C) Development is neither perfectly predictable nor completely flexible D) Development is determined only by heredity
C) Development is neither perfectly predictable nor completely flexible
111
Maria struggled with reading in early elementary school. However, with extra support, she made significant progress in middle childhood and became an avid reader by adolescence. Which perspective on development does Maria’s experience best illustrate? A) Continuous development – skills build gradually and stay on the same path B) Discontinuous development – development includes shifts where children can change paths C) Development is completely predictable based on early skills D) Development is entirely unaffected by early experiences
B) Discontinuous development- development includes shifts where children can change paths
112
Ethan started speaking in short sentences at age 2. By age 4, his sentences became longer and more complex. By adolescence, he was able to write essays with clear arguments. His language skills grew steadily without sudden leaps. Which perspective on development does Ethan’s experience best illustrate? A) Continuous development – gradual, cumulative growth along the same path B) Discontinuous development – sudden shifts and changes in development C) Development is random and unpredictable D) Development is determined only by heredity, not environment
A) Continuous perspective - gradual, cumulative growth among the same path
113
Q1. The debate about whether development is shaped more by genetics or environment is known as the: A) Continuity-Discontinuity Issue B) Nature-Nurture Issue C) Sociocultural Issue D) Ecological Systems Issue
B) Nature- Nurture Issue
114
Q2. Which of the following is an example of nature influencing development? A) A child’s athletic ability due to inherited muscle strength B) A child improving in math because of tutoring C) A teenager learning a new language through school D) A child’s manners shaped by family traditions
A) A child’s athletic ability due to inherited muscle strength
115
Q3. Which of the following best represents nurture in child development? A) Eye color inherited from parents B) Natural musical talent C) Learning social skills from peers D) Height determined by genetics
C) Learning social skills from peers
116
Liam is naturally tall because both of his parents are tall. His height gives him an advantage in basketball. Which factor most strongly influenced his development in this case? A) Nature (genetics) B) Nurture (environment) C) Both equally D) Neither
A) Nature (genetics)
117
Sofia grew up in a bilingual household where her parents spoke both English and Spanish. As a result, she is fluent in both languages. Which factor influenced her development? A) Nature (genetics) B) Nurture (environment) C) Neither D) Biological maturation only
B) Nurture (environment)
118
Ethan has a genetic tendency toward musical ability, but it was only when his parents enrolled him in piano lessons that he became an excellent musician. What does this example show? A) Only genetics influence development B) Only environment influences development C) Both heredity and environment interact D) Neither has an effect
C) Both hereditary and environment interact
119
Maya has blue eyes just like her mother. However, her confidence in public speaking grew after years of participating in school debates. Which aspect reflects nurture? A) Her blue eyes B) Her mother’s genetics C) Her confidence in public speaking D) The color of her hair
C) Her confidence in public speaking
120
Which of the following best describes the Passive influence on child development? A) A child with a cheerful temperament gets more positive responses from others. B) Parents provide a stimulating home that enhances a child’s inherited learning ability. C) A child chooses activities that match their genetic predispositions. D) A child avoids situations that challenge their temperament
B) Parents provide a stimulating home that enhances a child’s inherited learning ability
121
A baby who naturally smiles often receives extra attention and stimulation from caregivers. This is an example of: A) Passive influence B) Evocative influence C) Active influence D) Bi-directional influence
B) Evocative influence
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Which example best represents Active (niche-picking) influence? A) A child inherits intelligence from their parents. B) A child’s smile elicits more attention from adults. C) A genetically extroverted child seeks out friends and joins social activities. D) Parents encourage their child to read books at home
C) A genetically extroverted child seeks out friends and joins social activities
123
Which of the following best reflects the modern view of child development? A) Children are passive recipients of their environment. B) Parents are the only influence on development. C) Children interpret and actively influence their own experiences. D) Genetic factors completely determine development.
C) Children interpret and actively influence their own experiences
124
Emma’s parents are highly educated and provide her with books, puzzles, and educational games at home. This helps her inherited intelligence to develop further. Which type of influence is this? A) Passive B) Evocative C) Active D) Bi-directional
À) Passive
125
Liam is a naturally cheerful baby who smiles a lot. Because of this, adults tend to smile back and spend more time playing with him, which makes him smile even more. Which influence is shown here? A) Passive B) Evocative C) Active D) Genetic
B) Evocative
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Sophia is genetically predisposed to be outgoing. As she grows older, she chooses to join clubs at school and seeks out group activities with friends. Which type of influence is this? A) Passive B) Evocative C) Active (niche-picking) D) Environmental
C) Active (niche-picking)
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A child’s behavior affects how their parents respond, and the parents’ responses then influence how the child behaves in the future. This is an example of: A) Passive influence B) Evocative influence C) Bi-directional relationship D) Genetic determinism
C) BI-directional relationship
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Which of the following are the five domains of development? A) Physical, emotional (personality), social, language, and cognition B) Physical, cultural, environmental, emotional, and social C) Social, spiritual, emotional, creative, and physical D) Cognitive, financial, physical, social, and emotional
A) Physical, emotional (personality), social, language, and cognition
Child Development
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