Chapter 1

Question 1

Anatomy is the study of:

Answer 1

The structure of the body

Question 2

Physiology is the study of:

Answer 2

How the bodies systems function to sustain life

Question 3

Homeostatis is the bodies ability to

Answer 3

maintain stable internal conditions

Question 4

The term physiology originates from

Answer 4

aristotle, physiologi

Question 5

when homeostatic balance fails …

Answer 5

disease develops

Question 6

list examples of homeostatic variables

Answer 6

Body temprature
Blood pressure
P/H
Electrolyte concentration

Question 7

Gross anatomy

Answer 7

structures visible to the naked eye

Question 8

Microscopic anatomy (Histology)

Answer 8

tissues and cells

Question 9

surface anatomy

Answer 9

external form and landmarks

Question 10

systemic anatomy

Answer 10

one organ system at a time

Question 11

regional anatomy

Answer 11

multiple systems, within a specific area

Question 12

comparative

Answer 12

similarities and differences across species

Question 13

Define these clinical examination methods:
Inspection
Palpation
Percussion
Auscultation

Answer 13

Inspection: looking
Palpation: touching
Percussion: tapping
Auscultation: listening

Question 14

Define these clinical examination methods:
Olfaction
Mensuration
Manipulation

Answer 14

Olfaction: smell
Mensuration: measuring
Manipulation: motion/joint testing

Question 15

What does radiography capture

Answer 15

Radiogrpahy, or X-rays, photogrpah internal structures.

Question 16

In X-rays, ________ structures like bone, teeth and tumors, appear lighter than _______ tissue.

Answer 16

dense, soft.

Question 17

What kind of imagery does Computed Tomography produce

Answer 17

Computed Tomography, or CT scans, produce cross sectional images (“slices”) of the body.

Question 18

MRI are used to capture what kind of tissue?
What does MRI stand for?

Answer 18

Magnetic resonance imaging, excellent for visualizing soft tissues

Question 19

How does a PET scan work. What does PET stand for?
What can it reveal?

Answer 19

A positron emission tomography scan, uses a radioactive drug called a tracer, to show typical and aytpical metabolic activity.

Cancer, heart disease and brain disorders.

Question 20

Not all bodies are identical. When an organ is located in an aytpical position, it is reffered to as ______ ___________.

Answer 20

Situs perversus

Question 21

The human body is arranged in a hierarchy, scaling from atoms, to organism. Name all 9 levels of organization, in order.

Answer 21

atoms -> molecules -> macromolecules -> organelles -> cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ systems -> organism

Question 22

What are the 4 primary tissue types?

Answer 22

Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscular

Question 23

A tissue is a ….

Answer 23

group of similar cells, performing a common function.

Question 24

How many cells does the human body contain?

Answer 24

30-40 trillion

Question 25

Describe the basic structure of a cell

Answer 25

- Cell membrane: encloses the cell - Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance filling the cell - DNA: the genetic material. Within the cytoplasm are various organelles, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes.

Question 26

Metabolism is the sum of all _______ __________ that sustain life

Answer 26

chemical reactions

Question 27

Anabolism

Answer 27

- builds larger, complex molecules from smaller ones

Question 28

Catabolism

Answer 28

- breaks down large molecules down into simpler components

Question 29

# Anabolism/Catabolism Energy produced through ___________ fuels movement, growth and repair, while ___________ uses that energy to maintain body structures

Answer 29

Catabolism, anabolism

Question 30

What does ATP stand for? What is it?

Answer 30

Adenosine triphosphate is a molecule that stores and releases energy.

Question 31

What is ADP? What does it stand for?

Answer 31

Adenosine diphosphate is ATP with one phosphate group removed

Question 32

What are the 3 key supporting molecules in cellular respiration

Answer 32

Pyruvate, NADH, FADH2

Question 33

What is cellular respiration

Answer 33

biological process, within a cell, that converts food molecules into usable energy (ATP)

Question 34

What are the three processes that happen within a cell to produce ATP?

Answer 34

Glycolysis Krebs cycle (ETC) Electron transport chain

Question 35

DNA holds the instructions for...

Answer 35

building proteins

Question 36

DNA is transcribed into...

Answer 36

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 37

When body temp rises, sweating helps cool it. This is an example of...?

Answer 37

Negative Feedback

Question 38

Negative Feedback stabilises conditions by ...

Answer 38

Detecting a deviation from the set point, and activating mechanisms that negate/reverse the change.

Question 39

In the negative feedback process; a receptor: a control center an effector:

Answer 39

*receptor* detects change *control center* processes information and sends commands *effector* carries out the correct response

Question 40

What does positive feedback do?

Answer 40

Amplifies change. Driving processes to completion, it pushes things further in the same direction

Question 41

Define thermoregulation

Answer 41

The ability to maintain constant body temperature, usually around 37*C

Question 42

Define Osmoregulation

Answer 42

The ability to maintin a constant water balance

Question 43

A 1% drop in body fluid causes _______. What about 5, and 10%?

Answer 43

1% drop causes thirst. a 5% drop results in extreme pain and collapse. 10% often results in death.

Question 44

Name 5 organs are involved in waste management?

Answer 44

many organs, such as the kidneys, lungs, skin, stomach, liver, help rid the body of harmful waste