Chapter 1

Question 1

Five factors influencing child development

Answer 1

1. Nature of Humankind 2. Industrialization 3. Urbanization 4. Parents 5. The Women’s Movement

Question 2

Theory

Answer 2

An organized set of ideas designed to explain and make predictions about development

Question 3

John Locke

Answer 3

Tabula Rasa. Believed children were a blank slate

Question 4

Rosseau

Answer 4

Believed children had an innate sense of justice and morality

Question 5

Natural Selection

Answer 5

Darwin’s theory that survival of the organisms that are best adapted to their environment are the genetics that get passed on

Question 6

Maturation Theory

Answer 6

Gessel’s theory that children develop on a predetermined timetable. Allowing children to let their children develop naturally

Question 7

Ethological Theory

Answer 7

Lorenz’s evolutionary perspective that behaviours are adaptive and have survival value

Question 8

Critical Period

Answer 8

a specific time in development when certain skills or abilities are learned

Question 9

Imprinting

Answer 9

Instinctive creating of an emotional bond between animals

Question 10

Attachment

Answer 10

instinctive emotional bond between humans

Question 11

Psychoanalysis

Answer 11

Freud’s theory of treatment for unresolved unconscious conflicts

Question 12

Theory of personality

Answer 12

Id, Ego, Superego. Emerge at different periods of development

Question 13

Id

Answer 13

Primitive instincts and drives. Present at birth

Question 14

Ego

Answer 14

Practical and rational. Emerges during first year of life. Counters the demands of the Id

Question 15

Superego

Answer 15

Moral agent. Emerges during preschool ages when children learn right from wrong

Question 16

Psychosexual Theory

Answer 16

developmental stages characterized by gratification of needs associated with an erogenous zone

Question 17

Libido

Answer 17

The motivation of pleasure that moves erogenous zones

Question 18

Oral Stage

Answer 18

0-18 months, pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing

Question 19

Anal Stage

Answer 19

18-36 months pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination, coping with demands for control

Question 20

Phallic Stage

Answer 20

3-6 year pleasure zone is the genitals, coping with incestuous sexual feelings

Question 21

Latency Stage

Answer 21

4-puberty. Sexual calm with no erogenous zone

Question 22

Environmental Reactions

Answer 22

a family’s responses to hereditary conditions

Question 23

Body Ego

Answer 23

a person’s sense of the self as an individual

Question 24

Psychic Skin

Answer 24

ability to protect and contain emotional states

Question 25

Neuropsychoanalysis

Answer 25

merging psychoanalytical theory with biological approaches in psychology

Question 26

Psychosocial Theory

Answer 26

Erikson's theory that psychological and social development is just as important as biological and sexual development

Question 27

8 Stages of psychosocial development

Answer 27

1) Trust vs. mistrust 2) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt 3) Initiative vs. guilt 4) Industry vs. inferiority 5) Identity vs. role confusion 6) Intimacy vs isolation 7) Generativity vs stagnation 8) Integrity vs despair

Question 28

John Watson

Answer 28

Applied tabula rasa theory and classical conditioning. Little Albert experiment. Learning is crucial in child's development

Question 29

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 29

Classical conditioning (Pavlov's dogs)

Question 30

Operant Conditioning

Answer 30

Consequences of a behaviour can affect future occurrences of that behaviour. Skinner focused on outcomes of behaviour

Question 31

Reinforcement

Answer 31

action that increases likelihood of behaviour

Question 32

Punishment

Answer 32

Aversive consequences that decrease the future likelihood of a behaviour

Question 33

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 33

add a positive thing

Question 34

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 34

Takeaway a negative thing

Question 35

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 35

Add a dislike

Question 36

Negative Punishment

Answer 36

take away a like