list at factors that can influence the amount of dissolved gases in the ocean
- solubility
- water temperature
- atmospheric pressure
-water pressure - water depth
- water salinity
explain how sodium and chlorine atoms for an ionic bond
- the chlorine atom gains an electron
– the sodium atom loses an electron - opposite charges of ions attract, forming an ionic bond
State biological reasons for why the concentration of oxygen and seawater varies
– photosynthesis
– respiration
– decomposition
describe the importance of ice floating to the marine ecosystem
– it’s a thermal insulator, which stops the entire water column from freezing
– it provides a habitat for mammals, for example, polar bears
– it allows for ice algae to grow underneath, giving energy to the food web
describe how sodium chloride dissolves in water
– water is a polar molecule with positive and negative charges
– sodium is attracted to the oxygen atom
– chlorine is attracted to the hydrogen atom
– breaks down the sodium chloride ionic structure, separating the sodium and chloride ions
List three covalently bonded molecules found in the ocean
– carbon dioxide
– oxygen
– glucose
what is the global ocean conveyor belt driven by
water density
where is the arctic ocean located
the north pole in the northern hemisphere
where is the atlantic ocean located
between north and south america
where is the indian ocean located
in the southern hemisphere bordered by asia
where is the southern ocean located
surrounding antarctica
where is the pacific ocean located
between asia and australia
explain how the bonds between water molecules affect the density of liquid water and ice
– when forming a solid, the hydrogen bonds form a lattice pattern
– causing the molecules that’re expanding to become further away from each other as compared to a liquid
– resulting in less molecules per unit volume as a solid, making it less dense
describe how temperature and salinity gradients form in the ocean
– a layer between two layers of water with different temperatures, causing a thermocline to form
– due to the warmer less dense water floating on top of the colder denser water that sinks
– a halocline will form due to a rapid increase in salinity in deeper water
– the less saline, dense water will float on top of the saltier, denser water that sinks
state physical reasons why the concentration of oxygen and seawater varies
– temperature
– salinity
– pressure
– depth
– turbulence through atmospheric pressure or wind
water is less dense as a solid, state the importance of this to life in the ocean
because the ice floats, it acts as a thermal insulator to life beneath the ice and provides a habitat to life above the ice
list three factors that can increase salinity
– evaporation
– freezing
– volcanic activity
list three factors that can decrease salinity
– precipitation
– runoff
– melting
how does salinity impact water’s freezing and boiling point
it decreases the freezing point and increases the boiling point
describe how the mixing of water columns in the ocean occurs
– surface waters, which are up to 200m, are mixed due to wind and wave turbulence
– wind creates turbulence, allowing mixing to occur
– deeper waters below 200m are mixed due to density differences
– temperature and salinity change the density
describe how salinity gradient formed to produce ocean layers and explain how the mixing of these layers may occur
– as salinity increases, the density increases
– therefore, the higher the salinity, the lower the water will sink
– as depth increases, salinity increases as well, forming a halocline or salinity gradient
– mixing of the surface layer can occur in the upper 200m by wind
– wind produces turbulence or wave action
– in waters greater than 200m, deep mixing occurs due to differences in density
– when surface water is cool and become saltier at the poles, it’ll sink drawing in warm surface water from the equator
list three salts in the ocean and state the bond that forms between them
– sodium chloride
– calcium carbonate
– magnesium sulfate
– all are ionic bonds
describe how mixing of the water columns in the oceans occur
– Surface waters up to 200 m are mixed due to wind
state if the following conditions either increase or decrease gas solubility
– decreasing water temperature -> increases
– decreasing atmospheric pressure-> decreases
– increasing water depth -> increases
– Increasing salinity -> decreases
