Social 30-2 > Chapter 1-3 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Thomas Hobbes believe about human nature?

A

Humans are selfish, violent, and dangerous without strong authority.

Hobbes emphasized the need for a powerful government to prevent chaos.

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2
Q

What type of government did Hobbes support?

A

A strong, absolute ruler to maintain order.

Hobbes believed that only a powerful authority could prevent conflict.

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3
Q

What did John Locke believe about human nature?

A

Humans are reasonable, cooperative, and capable of governing themselves.

Locke’s views contrasted sharply with Hobbes’ perspective.

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4
Q

What are Locke’s natural rights?

A
  • Life
  • Liberty
  • Property

Locke argued that these rights are inherent and must be protected by government.

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5
Q

What type of government did Locke support?

A

Democracy based on consent of the governed.

Locke’s ideas influenced modern democratic thought.

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6
Q

What did Rousseau believe about human nature?

A

Humans are naturally good but corrupted by society.

Rousseau emphasized the importance of social conditions on human behavior.

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7
Q

What is Rousseau’s general will?

A

The collective will of the people that should guide laws.

Rousseau believed that true freedom comes from following the general will.

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8
Q

What type of government did Rousseau support?

A

Direct democracy — people make laws themselves.

Rousseau argued for a system where citizens directly participate in decision-making.

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9
Q

What is an ideology?

A

A system of beliefs and values that explains how people should live together.

Ideologies shape political, social, and economic systems.

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10
Q

What are the four characteristics of all ideologies?

A
  • Interpretation of history
  • Beliefs about human nature
  • Beliefs about society
  • Visions of the future

These characteristics help define how ideologies influence governance and society.

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11
Q

What is individualism?

A

A belief system focusing on individual rights, freedoms, and self-interest.

Individualism emphasizes personal autonomy and responsibility.

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12
Q

What is collectivism?

A

A belief system focusing on group well-being, cooperation, and shared responsibility.

Collectivism prioritizes the needs of the community over individual desires.

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13
Q

Example of a government decision that supports collectivism?

A

No-smoking laws to protect public health.

Such laws are enacted for the benefit of the community as a whole.

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14
Q

What are informal social structures?

A

Unwritten rules, social norms, and cultural expectations.

These structures influence behavior and interactions within a society.

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15
Q

What is an economic structure?

A

How a society organizes production, jobs, and distribution of wealth.

Economic structures determine the flow of resources and opportunities.

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16
Q

What is a political structure?

A

How power is organized and used within a society.

Political structures define governance and authority relationships.

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17
Q

What does capitalism emphasize?

A
  • Individual economic freedom
  • Competition
  • Free markets

Capitalism promotes private ownership and market-driven economies.

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18
Q

What does communism emphasize?

A
  • Collective ownership
  • Equality
  • Government ensuring basic needs

Communism seeks to eliminate class distinctions through shared resources.

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19
Q

What motivates people in capitalism?

A

Profit and personal success.

Capitalism relies on individual ambition to drive economic growth.

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20
Q

What motivates people in communism?

A

Desire to support the collective and reduce inequality.

In communism, the focus is on community welfare rather than individual gain.

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21
Q

What did Plato believe about roles in society?

A

People should do what they are naturally best suited for.

Plato’s philosophy emphasized the importance of individual capabilities.

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22
Q

What do the Mi’kmaq emphasize about individual roles?

A

Individuals have responsibilities to the community and the collective good.

This reflects a collectivist approach to social roles.

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23
Q

Why do ideologies include visions of the future?

A

To describe how society should improve based on their beliefs.

Visions of the future guide the goals and actions of ideological movements.

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24
Q

What future did Karl Marx envision?

A

A classless society where people can pursue any activity freely.

Marx’s vision aimed for the abolition of class distinctions and economic disparities.

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25
What is a **caste system**?
A rigid hereditary class structure determining people’s status and opportunities. ## Footnote Caste systems often limit social mobility and reinforce inequality.
26
Why is the **caste system** criticized in a democracy?
It contradicts the idea of equality of all citizens. ## Footnote Democratic principles advocate for equal rights and opportunities.
27
What is **affirmative action** in the Indian context?
Reserving spaces in universities for lower castes to promote equality. ## Footnote Affirmative action aims to address historical injustices and provide opportunities.
28
What is **individualism**?
A belief system that prioritizes individual rights, freedoms, and personal interests. ## Footnote Individualism emphasizes the moral worth of the individual.
29
List **5 values** of individualism.
* Independence * Self-reliance * Competition * Personal achievement * Self-interest ## Footnote These values reflect the core principles of individualism.
30
What is **collectivism**?
A belief system that prioritizes the needs and goals of the group over the individual. ## Footnote Collectivism emphasizes group goals and social cohesion.
31
How was **individualism** viewed during the **Middle Ages**?
It was mostly nonexistent; society focused on fixed groups and religious identity. ## Footnote The Middle Ages emphasized community and collective identity.
32
What changes in the **Renaissance** supported individualism?
* Art * Education * Humanism ## Footnote These changes highlighted individual potential and achievements.
33
What **Enlightenment** idea was crucial to individualism?
The belief that individuals are rational and capable of governing themselves. ## Footnote Enlightenment thinkers promoted reason and individual rights.
34
What is **liberalism**?
An ideology based on individual rights, freedoms, and limited government. ## Footnote Liberalism advocates for personal liberty and democratic governance.
35
Name the **three areas** in which liberalism is expressed.
* Political * Economic * Social ## Footnote These areas reflect the broad scope of liberal thought.
36
What is **political liberalism**?
The idea that individuals have equal rights under law and democratic freedoms. ## Footnote Political liberalism emphasizes civil liberties and political rights.
37
What is **economic liberalism**?
Belief in private property, free markets, and limited government intervention. ## Footnote Economic liberalism supports market-driven economies.
38
What is **social liberalism**?
The belief in equal access to rights, education, and quality of life for individuals. ## Footnote Social liberalism focuses on social justice and equality.
39
What document declared “**life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness**”?
The American Declaration of Independence (1776). ## Footnote This document is a foundational text of American liberalism.
40
What was the **French Revolution** motto?
“Liberté, égalité, fraternité.” ## Footnote This motto reflects the revolutionary ideals of liberty, equality, and brotherhood.
41
What did the **Declaration of the Rights of Man** do?
Guaranteed citizens equal rights under law. ## Footnote This declaration was a fundamental document of the French Revolution.
42
What is the **rule of law**?
The principle that all individuals, including leaders, are subject to the law. ## Footnote The rule of law is essential for justice and accountability.
43
What historical document helped establish the **rule of law**?
The Magna Carta (1215). ## Footnote The Magna Carta is often cited as a cornerstone of modern legal systems.
44
What is a **social contract**?
An agreement where individuals give consent to be governed in exchange for protection. ## Footnote The social contract theory is foundational in political philosophy.
45
Name **three fundamental individual rights**.
* Freedom of speech * Freedom of religion * Right to vote ## Footnote These rights are often enshrined in democratic constitutions.
46
Why are rights limited in **liberal democracies**?
To protect public safety, prevent harm, and respect others’ rights. ## Footnote Limitations on rights are necessary for social order.
47
What was the **Keegstra case** about?
A teacher spreading hate speech and Holocaust denial—example of limits on speech. ## Footnote This case illustrates the balance between free speech and hate speech laws.
48
How does **individualism** influence modern society?
It shapes democratic rights, free markets, and personal freedoms. ## Footnote Individualism is a driving force behind contemporary liberal democracies.
49
Does **liberalism** only focus on individuals?
No, it blends individual rights with some collective responsibilities. ## Footnote Liberalism recognizes the importance of community alongside individualism.
50
What is **collectivism**?
An ideology that prioritizes the group’s needs and interests over the individual’s. ## Footnote Collectivism emphasizes the importance of the community and collective goals.
51
What is **public property**?
Property owned by the state or community for public use (e.g., parks, roads, Crown land). ## Footnote Public property is intended for the benefit of all citizens.
52
What is **privatization**?
Transfer of public resources or services to private ownership. ## Footnote This process often leads to changes in how services are delivered and accessed.
53
What is **collective responsibility**?
The idea that individuals are responsible for the group’s well-being and actions. ## Footnote This concept fosters a sense of accountability among group members.
54
What is **co-operation**?
Working together toward shared goals. ## Footnote Co-operation is essential for achieving collective objectives.
55
What are **collective norms**?
Accepted rules and behaviours that guide how members of a group act. ## Footnote These norms help maintain order and cohesion within the group.
56
What is a **co-operative**?
A business owned and managed by members for mutual benefit. ## Footnote Co-operatives operate on principles of shared ownership and democratic decision-making.
57
What happened in the **Bolivia water crisis**?
Privatization of water by Bechtel raised prices drastically; protests forced reversal. ## Footnote This event highlighted the tensions between privatization and public access to essential resources.
58
What is **Crown land**?
Land owned by federal or provincial governments on behalf of the public. ## Footnote Crown land is often used for public purposes and resource management.
59
How does Canada’s health-care system reflect **collectivist values**?
Universal access, government-funded, designed to meet collective needs. ## Footnote This system emphasizes the importance of health care as a right for all citizens.
60
What is **collective interest**?
Goals achieved for the benefit of the whole group, not individuals alone. ## Footnote Collective interest promotes the welfare of the community over individual desires.
61
Example of **social collectivism** in schools?
Anti-bullying initiatives, peer support, group norms. ## Footnote These initiatives foster a supportive and inclusive environment for all students.
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