Chapter 1

Question 1

What is physiology?

Answer 1

the study of how living organisms function

Question 2

What are the four different types of cells?

Answer 2

1. Muscle Cells 2. Neurons 3. Epithelial Cells 4. Connective-tissue Cells

Question 3

What are the four different types of tissue?

Answer 3

1. Muscle Tissue 2. Nervous Tissue 3. Epithelial Tissue 4. Connective- Tissue

Question 4

What goes in and out of during Resting Membrane Potential?

Answer 4

(2) Potassium ions (K+) go in
(3) Sodium ions (Na+) go out

Question 5

What are the three types of Muscle Cells?

Answer 5

1. 1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth

Question 6

Describe the organization of the body

Answer 6

1. The cells are fertelized by undergoing Mitosis
2. Cells undergo Meiosis by dividing and growing
3. Cells differentiate for function specialition
4. Cells are one of the four specialized cells
5. Similar cells aggreagte -> tissue

Question 7

why is homeostasis important

Answer 7

Homeostasis keeps the cell functioning properly, it keeps the molecules in and out of the cell at the right balance.

Question 8

What is an Epithelial Cell?

Answer 8

Specialized cells for the selective secretion and absorption of ions and organic molecules.

It is also offerered for protection

Question 9

Out of the three types of muscle cells, which two function involuntarily?

Answer 9

1. Cardiac
2. Smooth

Question 10

What are Neurons?

Answer 10

A cell of the nervous system that is specialized to initiate, integrate, and conduct electral signals to other cells

Question 11

what are the major organs of the circulatory system?

Answer 11

• heart
• blood vessels
• blood

transport blood throughout the body

Question 12

How is the nervous system divided?

Answer 12

1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Question 13

what are the major organs in the male reproductive system and their functions?

Answer 13

TESTES: production of sperm, transfer of sperm to female

Question 14

What are the major organs of the female reproductive system? what are their functions?

Answer 14

• ovaries
• fallopian tubes
• uterus
• vagina

they are responsible for the production of eggs, provision of a nutritive environment, for the developing fetus/embryo, nutrition to the infant.

Question 15

What is simple diffusion?

Answer 15

The movement of molecules from one location to another solely as a result of their random thermal motion

Question 16

What is the difference between flux and net flux?

Answer 16

Flux is the amount of material crossing a surface in a unit of time.

The net flux is the difference between two one-way fluxes

Question 17

what are the major organs of the respiratory system?

Answer 17

• nose- traps bacteria and foreign particles that enter
• pharynx- allows air to pass from mouth to lungs
• larynx- helps regulate air flow
• trachea-divides the right/left bronchi
• bronchi-allow passage of air to lungs
• lungs- filled with air

exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen; regulation of hydrogen ion concentration in the body fluids

Question 18

digestive system major organs/ tissues

Answer 18

• mouth
• salivary glands
• pharynx
• esophagus
• stomach
• small & large intestines
• anus
• pancreas
• liver
• gallbladder

Question 19

Which ions diffuse across plasma membranes

Answer 19

Sodium and potassium ions can diffuse across the plasma membranes of all cells because of Leak channels for Na+ and K+

Question 20

major organs of the urinary system?

Answer 20

• kidneys
• ureters
• bladder
• urethra

regulate plasma composition through controlled excretion of salt, water, and organic wastes

Question 21

What are ion channels?

Answer 21

Proteins that allow ions to diffuse across the membrane

Question 22

What is the Fick diffusion equation and what does it represent?

Answer 22

J = PA(C₀ - C_i)

Question 23

What factors affect net flux?

Answer 23

1. temperature
2. mass of the molecule
3. Surface area
4. Medium/solvent

Question 24

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 24

Diffusion involving a net flux of a molecule across s membrane from higher to lower concentration using a transporter

Question 25

What are the different diffusion methods?

Answer 25

Question 26

What is active transport?

Answer 26

Diffusion going against the gradient by going from low concentration to high.

Question 27

What is membrane potential?

Answer 27

A seperation of electrical charge existing across plasma membranes of all cells.

Question 28

What are ion channels?

Answer 28

Integral membrane proteins that allow ions to diffuse across the membrane

Question 29

What determines the selectivity for the type of ions to transfer through the membrane?

Answer 29

1. Channel diameter 2. Charges/polarity of protein subunits 3. number of water molecules assiociated with ions

Question 30

What is channel gating?

Question 31

What three factors can alter the channel protein conformation?

Answer 31

1. Lignad-gated channels - the binding of specific molecules to channel proteins to change the shape of the channel 2. Voltage-gated channels - Changes in the membrane potential potential that allows the movement of certain charged regions on a channel protein, altering its shape 3. Mechanically gated channels- Physical deformation of the membrane

Question 32

On average, the resting membrane potential is -70 mV. What does the sign and magnitude of this value tell you?

Answer 32

The inside surface of the plasma membrane accumulates more negative charge because of the presence of Na+ and K+ gradients and the selective permeability of the membrane to Na+ and K+.

Question 34

how does negative feedback work ?

Answer 34

negative feedback works in the opposite direction to regulate variables. ex. if you are overheating, negative feedback will work to cool the body down.

Question 35

how does positive feedback work?

Answer 35

it increases or decreases ex. if you are overheating positive feedback will keep over heating you.

Question 36

What are two means of coupling energy to transports?

Answer 36

1. The direct use of ATP in **primary active transport** 2. The use of an electrochemical gradient across a membrane to drive the process in **secondary active transport**

Question 37

In which of the following fluid compartments contains the largest proportion of water in an adult human body?

Answer 37

Intracellular fluid

Question 38

Positive feedback......

Answer 38

is less common than negative feedback loop and increases or decreases a variabble in the opposite direction to the original devaition in the variable

Question 39

In which direction will Ca ²⁺ flow if the intracellular concentration and extracellular concentrations are 0.0001mM (100nM) and 1m respectively? Assume the plasma membrane is permeable to Ca²⁺.

Answer 39

Ca²⁺ will flow into the cell

Question 40

What is the difference between efferent and afferent pathways?

Answer 40

Afferent pathways travels between the receptor and the integrating center Efferent is from the integrating center to the receptor

Question 41

How does the ATPase pump function?

Answer 41

1. (3) Na+ ions approach high-affinity sites on the intracellular of protein 2. Na+ binding activates ATPase activity causing phosphorylation of cytosolic surface of the transporter; releasing ADP 3. Phosphorylation leads to conformation change of transporter -\> exposing Na+ ions to extracellular fluid 4. Exsposed conformation results in (2) K+ affinity sites 5. (2) K+ results in dephosphorylation -\> cycle begins again