How many postive number can N bits represent
2^n - 1
How many numbers can we represent with sign magnitude
2^N -1
Decimal > any base
Divide by base wanted
Find remainder (base x decimal )
Continue until 0
Remainders from bottom to top is answer
Binary to decimal
Write top to bottom
X2^0 up from decimal or x 2 ^-1 under decimal
Binary to hex
Groups of 4, w leading zero
Binary > octal
Groups of 3 leading zeros