Biology 100 > Chapter 1-4 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why to study biology?

A

Biology: The scientific study of life
Science: The systematic method of inquiry in search for answers
Awareness and appreciation of life
Important in every-days decisions of life

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2
Q

DNA–Blueprint of life

A

Living organisms reproduce themselves

DNA is the hereditary material of all living organisms

Reproduction of living organisms follows hereditary information

Multicellular organisms reproduce by many different means
(Seeds develop into mature plants, an egg and a sperm combine to form a new organism)

Single-celled organisms reproduce by producing two genetically identical individual cells

They use hereditary material as the basis for this reproduction

DNA is found in almost every cell of all living things
(Although some cells may not have DNA, such as red blood cells, at one point they did)

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3
Q

Development

A

Living organisms grow and develop
Organisms grow in size and complexity
Growth is directed by the organism’s DNA, which serves as a blueprint

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4
Q

Energy to persist

A

Organisms collect energy from their environment, to grow and develop
Some use the energy of sunlight
-Capture sun’s energy via photosynthesis
-Convert sunlight to chemical energy and sugars
Some use energy from other living organisms, consume plants or animals

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5
Q

Sensing the environment, sensing the inner environment

A

Homeostasis: process of maintaining internal condition

Organisms sense and respond to internal conditions

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6
Q

The Biological hierarchy low and mid level

A 
Low-level
Mid-level
*Organ systems
-Heart and blood vessels
-Work together to pump blood
  • Individual organisms
  • Organ systems functioning together
  • Each system supports other systems
  • Population
  • Group of similar organisms/individuals
  • All mice living in one field
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7
Q

The Biological hierarchy High level

A

Top-level

Community

  • Groups of different species/organisms
  • Live and interact in a certain area

Ecosystems
-Communities and their physical environment

Biomes
-Large regions defined by
distinctive characteristics

Biosphere

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8
Q

Disintegration and Reconstitution

disintegration and reconstitution
versus
growth and division

A

Are they alive?

Like living organisms:

  • Contain DNA (not always)
  • Reproduce
  • Evolve
Unlike living organisms:
-Not made of cells:
(Just genetic material and protein)
-Lack homeostasis, reproduction, and energy collection
(Depend on cells to do these functions)
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9
Q

Viruses, are they organisms?

A 
Influenzavirus
Lambda
Ebola virus
Orthopoxvirus
Mastadenovirus
HIV-1 virus
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10
Q

Lecture 2

A

Diversity of life

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11
Q

Characteristics of life

A

Living Organisms:

	○ Are composed of cells
	○ Reproduce using DNA
	○ Grow and develop
	○ Actively take in energy from their environment
	○ Sense their environment and respond to it
	○ Maintain constant internal conditions
	○ Can evolve as groups
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12
Q

A need for organization

A 
Species
Genus
Family
Order
Class 
Phylum
Kingdom
Domain
Life
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13
Q

Evolution

A

tries to explain the relationship between different organisms on the globe.

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14
Q

Genealogist

A

Biologist who studies relationships from generation to the next.

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15
Q

Family Trees

A

Summary of relationship between related organisms

* In order to study relationships between organisms we mostly use DNA.
* Everything is written with DNA
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16
Q

Systematic:

A

Biologist who studies relationships among groups of organisms

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17
Q

Evolutionary trees:

A
  • Summary of the relationship of groups of organisms.
    • Hypothesis of evolutionary relationships.
    • May predict a behavior characteristic
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18
Q

Evolutionary convergent features:

A
  • Shared features not from common ancestor

* Shared features evolved independently

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19
Q

Evolutionary derived features:

A
  • Shared features from common ancestry
    • Descendants share features
    • Group of close relatives
    • Each level has unique shared features
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20
Q

DNA:

A
  • Appearance and function based on DNA,which serves as a blueprint
  • Show evolutionary relationships among different groups
  • Enable to compare groups with little apparent similarities (Example: comparing bacteria, plants, animals
  • Shared characteristics of DNA show relatedness between groups
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21
Q

Evolutionary trees:

A
  • Can be used to help make predictions
  • Based on shared derived features
  • Prediction of characteristics and behaviors of related organisms.
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22
Q

Linnean Hierarchy

A

• Genus: Homo
• Species: Sapiens
Subspecies: Sapiens

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23
Q

The Classification System

A
  • Kingdom: Animalia
    • Phylum: Chordata
    • Class: Mammalia
    • Order: Primates
    • Family: Homindae
    • Genus: Homo
    • Species: H. Sapiens
    • Subspecies: H. s. sapiens
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24
Q

Classification of organisms

A

Two Kindoms described by Linnaues
• Plants and animals
• Other classifications
• Five to eight kingdoms

a.) Six-Kingdom System
○ Bacteria Archea Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

b.) Three- domain system
○ Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

**Three domains of life

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25
The highest level: the domains
• Bacteria (Came first to world) ○ Bacteria • Archaea (Came second to world) ○ Archaea • Eukarya ( came last to world. ○ Diplomonads, Cilates and Kin, Datoms and Kin, Plants, Fungi, Animals ○ Fungus is more similar to animal than plant. ○ Animals latest to appear on earth. Fourth domain of life: Acytota -No cell
26
Fourth domain of life:
• Acytota ○ No cell Otsi the iceman….. 5000 years old?
27
Horizantal versus vertical gene transfer
* Vertical: Genes moved from generation to the next * Horizantal: Genes moved between lineages * Vertical transfer is from mother to child. * Genome is 7% virus and 93% human We are 98% homologous to chimpanzees. • We are that similar
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Lecture 3
The major groups of organisms
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The beginning of life
The beginning of life : • Earth : 4.5 * 10^9 years • Microbes: 3.5 * 10^9 years Diversity • 5,000 Prokaryotes • 1,000,000 insects Beginning of Life >>>>>> Only once>>>>>> One universal ancestor - universality of the genetic code - similarity of enzyme-catalyzed reactions glucose to lactose reactions are very similar and by very similar enzymes Lactobacillus Uses lactose for respiration
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The prokaryotes
``` Bacteria single‑celled organisms Archaea Bacteria-like organisms Extremophiles lack nuclear membrane ```
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The prokaryotic cell
no organelles no ‘waste’ in genetic material divide mostly by fission
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Prokaryotic shape
``` Bacillus anthracis Streptococcus pneumoniae Brucella abortus Trepanema pallidum Vibrio cholerae Spirillum volutans ``` 5 x 10^30 individual organisms the microscopic world >>> macroscopic world E.coli can reproduce every 20min at the right conditions
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Prokaryotes are very diverse
Air: Aerobes: with oxygen Anaerobes: without oxygen Source of energy and carbon: Chemo-hetero-troph Source Source Eat Of Of Energy Carbon Depends on others
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Heterotrophs
``` Class: chemoheterotrophs photoheterotrophs Carbon Source: Organic compound Organic compound Energy: Organic compound Light ```
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Autotrophs
``` Class: Chemoautotrophs Photoautotrophs Carbon Source: CO2 CO2 Energy: Inorganic Compound Light ```
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Protista
~ 30,000 species Simplest eukaryotic organisms First to have sex Sexual reproduction: DNA from two cells Prokaryotes only use asexual reproduction
37
Protista Single cell to multi-cellular associations
Single cell to multi-cellular associations Slime molds: Single-celled stage Multi-cellular stage Many different diseases Toxic ocean “blooms”—dinoflagellates Malaria—Plasmodium
38
Origin of eukaryotes
Organelles evolved from prokaryotes | engulfing other cells
39
Plantae
~250,000 species First on land Do not move Photoautotrophs
40
Plantae energy and structure
Energy production: Photosynthesis by chloroplasts Structure: - Root system - Stem - Vascular system - Strength—cell walls - Cuticle—waxy coating Producers of O2
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Plantae - Gymnosperms
First to evolve “Naked” seeds Pine trees and conifers Seed provide food before photosynthesis
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Plantae - Angiosperms
Protected seeds The flower: structure for sexual reproduction Pollination Fruity seeds
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Fungi
~70,000 species Many are decomposers Chemoheterotrophs like animals Different groups based on reproductive structures Mating types and spores Do not perform photosynthesis
44
Poisonous Fungi
``` Amanita muscaria Amanita virosa (death angel) Toadstools Agaric mushroom Galerina mushroon ```
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Edible Fungi
``` Truffle Morel Chanterelle Champignon mushroom Shitaki mushroom King bolete ```
46
The structure of the fungi
* Hyphae - Thread-like projections - Cell-like compartments - Not fully separated like individual cells - Movement of organelles between compartments * Mycelium - Woven mesh of hyphae
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Animalia
Large, diversified group 9-10 x10^6species Chemoheterotrophs Multi-cellular organisms 120,000 true fly, 170,000 butterfly and moth, 360,000 beetle species
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Phylum Arthropoda
``` insects arachnids crustaceans 120,000 true fly, 170,000 butterfly and moth, 360,000 beetle species ``` Largest diversified group >1,5 x10^6 species Invertebrate Exoskeleton Segmented body Jointed appendages 3/4ths of all animals on Earth are insects
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Animalia-Sponges
Most ancient animal lineage Loose collection of cells Lack true tissues A sponge is an animal
50
Animalia-Cnidarians
Animals evolved true tissue Example: jellyfish) Specialized cells: Stinging cells Specialized tissues: Nervous-, Muscle-like, Digestive tissue
51
Animals evolved organs
Organ: Specialized tissues with defined boundary, characteristic size and shape Flatworm
52
Animals evolved body cavities
*Protostomes First opening develops into mouth: Insects, worms and snails *Deuterostomes First opening develops into anus: Echinoderms and vertebrates
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Animals body forms
*Annelids Segmented worms *Vertebrates Internal backbone ``` *Arthropods Have an exoskeleton: - insects - arachnids - crustaceans ```
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Animals behaviors
Variety of behaviors Ability to move : - Capture prey - Eat prey - Avoid being capture - Attract mates - Care for young - Migrate to new habitats
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Fission
Cut self in half
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Lecture 4
The building blocks of life
57
From atoms to molecules
Element: simplest building block Atom: smallest unit of an element Physical world composed of 92 elements
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Molecules
Molecule: two or more atoms linked together | Chemical compound: molecule with more than one element
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Covalent bonds
(e-) fill the atoms shells, stabilizing them strongest link
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Non-covalent bonds And Hydrogen bonds
*Non-covalent bonds more abundant *Hydrogen bonds attraction between partial charges hold biological molecules together 2 hydrogen atoms = 1 hydrogen molecule
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Non-covalent bonds And Ionic bonds
*Non-covalent bonds more abundant *Ionic bonds form between charged particles (ions)
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From the atom to the organism
Atom >>>>>> molecules in biological systems * Carbohydrates * Nucleic acids * Proteins * Lipids * Carbon Hydrogen >>>>>>>>>Organic compounds * Oxygen * Nitrogen * Phosphorus * Suler
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Macromolecules; complex structures make living systems
*Macromolecule Large molecule made of organic molecules *Monomer Individual unit of a macromolecule *Polymer Chain of monomers linked together *Functional group Cluster of atoms with a specific chemical function
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Composed molecules such as water
Human is 70% | Jelly fish is over 90%
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Molecules in biological systems: Carbohydrates
*Cellulose Plant structure *Starch Energy storage
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Molecules in biological systems: Nucleic acids
Thymine only in DNA Uracil only in RNA
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Molecules in biological systems: Proteins
Amino acids Monomers that build proteins 20 amino acids
68
From chain to complex 3D structure of Amino Acid
*Polypeptide Long chain of amino acids Linked through covalent/peptide bonds *Primary sequence Order of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
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Molecules in biological systems: Fatty acids
Lipids contain one or more fatty acids Fatty acids are extremely hydrophobic chains of C and H **unsaturated C bonded to less H due to double bonds **saturated C bonded to highest number of H
70
Triglycerides
Three fatty acid chains plus glycerol | Important for storage reserve
71
Phospholipids
Major component of plasma membrane | Two fatty acid chains plus glycerol plus phosphate group
72
Steroles
Very particular lipid molecules Variety of important functions, such as the basis for many hormones Four fused hydrocarbons rings, basic structure of all sterols
Biology 100
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