Chapter 1

Question 1

what is health? and who defined it in what year?

Answer 1

the state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of illness and disease (WHO 1948)

Question 2

how did the Ottawa Charter add to the definition of health, and in what year?

Answer 2

1986 - health’s a positive concept emphasizing on social and personal factors as well as physical capabilities.

Question 3

what is wellness?

Answer 3

• expanded idea of health
• ability to live life fully with vitality and meaning
• it is a dynamic process

Question 4

7 dimensions of wellness

Answer 4

1. physical
2. interpersonal/social
3. mental/ intellectual
4. Occupational
5. Emotional
6. Environmental
7. Spiritual

Question 5

physical wellness

Answer 5

• requires healthy eating, exercise, learning about disease, regular check ups
• influences the quality of life and how many years of healthy life you will have

Question 6

health related quality of life

Answer 6

• a personal sense of physical and mental health

- requires a full range of functional capacity to work, play and maintain relationships

Question 7

interpersonal/social wellness

Answer 7

• learning effective communication skills, developing the capacity for intimacy and cultivating a support network
• requires participating in and contributing to the country and world
• openness and accepting diversity
  (these relationships are essential for physical and emotional health )

Question 8

intellectual/mental wellness

Answer 8

• openness to new ideas, capacity to think critically and to learn new skills
• ability to process and use information is important aspect of wellness

Question 9

occupational wellness

Answer 9

• personal satisfaction derived from career development

- involves attaining work-life balance

Question 10

emotional wellness

Answer 10

• includes optimism, trust, self esteem, control, ability to share feelings
• requires monitoring your feelings, identifying obstacles in emotional well-being and finding solutions to them
• arguably the core of wellness

Question 11

environmental wellness

Answer 11

• personal health depends on the health of the planet (ie. pollution and violence)
• requires learning about and protecting yourself from these hazards
• be an advocate and taking action towards these hazards

Question 12

what are 2 strategies for achieving environmental health

Answer 12

1. keep the environment around you clean bc it can help your emotional wellness
2. take breaks outside

Question 13

spiritual wellness

Answer 13

• includes having a set of of beliefs and values that give meaning/purpose to one’s life
• involves the capacity to love, compassion, forgiveness, joy, altruism
• doesn’t have to be a religion just something that is meaningful in your life

Question 14

how is stress and spiritual wellness related?

Answer 14

often people who have spiritual wellness have lower stress levels as they have something to turn to during hard times

Question 15

infectious disease (communicable)

Answer 15

passed on by person to person usually caused by microbes (ie. common cold, flu)

Question 16

chronic disease

Answer 16

develop and become worse overtime (sometimes caused by lifestyle factors)

Question 17

“Socially Transmitted Conditions”

Answer 17

factors that can be passed down from generation to generation that may contribute to chronic diseases (ie. stress)

Question 18

early-to-mid 1900s

health threats and life expectancy

Answer 18

life expectancy: 58.8yrs(M) & 60.6yrs (F)

- health threats = infectious diseases (spread to lack of clean water and sewage)

Question 19

early-to-mid 1900s

health threats discovered

Answer 19

• sources of infectious diseases soon discovered
• public health became more important
• vaccines

Question 20

morbidity

Answer 20

illness or disease

Question 21

mortality

Answer 21

death

Question 22

Life expectancy with modern medicine

Answer 22

• F: 83.8yrs
• M: 79.6yrs
• AVR: 81.7yrs

Question 23

what is the best “cure” for chronic disease

Answer 23

• PREVENTION

- individuals have some control whether they develop certain chronic diseases

Question 24

main 3 chronic causes for death in Canada

Answer 24

1. cancer
2. heart disease
3. stroke
   - smoking is the leading preventable cause of death, followed by poor diet and alcohol use

Question 25

life expectancy trends in Canada

Answer 25

- among the highest in the world | - life expectancy goes up when unemployment goes down and levels of education goes up

Question 26

what is the relationship with the life expectancy with immigrants

Answer 26

immigrants tend to have a higher life expectancy than natives of the country but over time their life expectancy levels out with everyone else

Question 27

representative sample

Answer 27

people who are included are representative or similar to the general population in similar ways or conclusions being drawn about

Question 28

what kind of research studies do scientist generally have the most confidence in and why?

Answer 28

best to use randomized controlled experiment

Question 29

why does size matter when it comes to research studies

Answer 29

- big conclusions being drawn in health studies is a red flag - results are less likely to be skewed or rare cases to come about

Question 30

meta-analysis

Answer 30

synthesis of studies that take all the evidence and rerun them again and draw conclusions

Question 31

how can someone reach wellness? (4steps)

Answer 31

1. examine your current health behaviours 2. choose a target behaviour 3. obtain accurate information about your target behaviour (important for setting goals) 4. find outside help when anyone of these isn't in place the likelihood of behaviour change is decreased

Question 32

why Is behaviour change difficult? (5 Reasons)

Answer 32

1. individual must know that the behaviour causes health problems 2. must believe that the health problem makes them susceptible to this health problem 3. recognize that there are risk-reduction strategies that can lower your risk to health problems 4. believe that the benefits of newly adopted behaviours will be more reinforcing than the behaviours given up 5. feel that others want you to alter their behaviour and will support them

Question 33

how can someone change health-related behaviour? (3 reasons)

Answer 33

1. examine pros/cons of change (benefits outweigh the cost) 2. boost self-efficacy (your belief in your ability to preform the task --> develop internal locus of control, use visualization and self talk and find support network) 3. identify and learn how to overcome barriers

Question 34

Transtheoretical Model | stage 1: pre-contemplation

Answer 34

individual has no intention of changing their behaviour in the next 6 months

Question 35

Transtheoretical Model | stage 2: contemplation

Answer 35

- individual is aware of problem and starts to think about changing it - see them self changing in the next 6 months but is unsure of how to change

Question 36

Transtheoretical Model | stage 3: preparation

Answer 36

- plan to take action within a month | - may have started making small changes already

Question 37

Transtheoretical Model | stage 4: action

Answer 37

- plans for change are in affect - changes have been sustained for 6months - risk to reverting back to unhealthy behaviour

Question 38

Transtheoretical Model | stage 5: Maintenance

Answer 38

- maintained behaviour for at least 6months - typically lasts from 6months-5years - boost on confidence and self-efficacy

Question 39

Transtheoretical Model | stage 6: Termination

Answer 39

- exited the cycle of change - new habits are well established and efforts to change are complete - no temptation to revert back to old behaviour - new image and complete self-efficacy

Question 40

video: Whos life is it anyway? (USA)

Answer 40

- companies like Weyco say that anyone who has nicotine in their body can be fired (even if they smoke at home) - Howard (policy maker at Weyco) want people to adopt his values and not smoke - other companies have made "wellness-programs" where employees can earn $20 credit to their health care plan by implanting healthy habits - weyco has a very negative impact on the employees

Question 41

Video: Social Media: Can it get you fired? (Toronto)

Answer 41

- firefighters made sexist and violent comments on twitter and were fired - HR says even tho it was made on personal time, if it has the ability to hurt others or the employer you can be fired

Question 42

Lalonde 1974:

Answer 42

- idea of health promotion came out of this report - health problems require action now - use the best evidence we have now to draw conclusions