Same-layer interaction
When two computers/devices use a protocol to communicate with one another one the same layer.
Adjacent-layer interaction
When one layer provides a service to a higher layer on the same computer/device
Encapsulation
The process of putting headers (sometimes trailers) around some data
De-encapsulation
The process of removing headers
Segment
Data encapsulated at the transport layer
Packet
Data encapsulated at the network layer
Frame
Data encapsulated at the (data) link layer
PDU
The bits that include the headers, encapsulated data, and trailers for a particular network layer (OSI terminology)
Benefits of layered protocol
Less complex Standard interfaces Easier to learn Easier to develop Multi-vendor interoperability Modular engineering