Chapter 1

Question 1

What is a microbe?

Answer 1

a living organism that requires a microscope to be seen

Question 2

What are the three contradictions to the general definition of a microbe?

Answer 2

1. Supersize microbial cells
2. Microbioal Communities
3. Viruses

Question 3

What is a prokaryote and what are examples of them?

Answer 3

A prokaryote is a simple cell that lacks a nucleus. Examples are bacteria and archaea.

Question 4

What is a eukaryote and what are examples of them?

Answer 4

A eukaryote is a complex cell that has a nucleus. Examples are algae, fungi, and protists.

Question 5

What is a genome?

Answer 5

the total genetic information contained in an organism’s chromosomal DNA

Question 6

Who developed the first method of DNA sequencing fast enough to sequence large genomes?

Answer 6

Fred Sanger

Question 7

What was the first bacterium that the first genome sequence completed on?

Answer 7

Haemophilus influenzae

Question 8

What is a metagenome?

Answer 8

The collection of sequences taken directly from the environment

Question 9

How have microbes shaped human culture?

Answer 9

1. Yeasts and Bacteria for foods and beverages.

2. “Rock-eating” bacteria for mining metals

Question 10

What microbial disease devastated human populations in the 14th Century?

Answer 10

Bubonic plague caused by Yersinia pestis

Question 11

What microbial disease devastated human populations in the 19th Century?

Answer 11

Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 12

What microbial disease devastates the human populations today?

Answer 12

AIDS/HIV

Question 13

Who was Florence Nightingale?

Answer 13

• British Nurse who recognized the significance of diseases in warfare
• founded the science of medical statistics
• Showed the deaths of soldiers due to various causes, she devised the “polar area chart”

Question 14

Who built the first compound microscope, published Micrographia, and coined the term “cell”?

Answer 14

Robert Hooke

Question 15

Who built single-lens magnifiers, complete with sample holder and focus adjustment and was the first to observe single-celled microbes?

Answer 15

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Question 16

What is spontaneous generation?

Answer 16

The theory that living creatures could arise without parents

Question 17

Who showed that maggots in decaying meat were the offspring of flies?

Answer 17

Francesco Redi

Question 18

Who showed that a sealed flask of meat broth sterilized by boiling failed to grow microbes?

Answer 18

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Question 19

Who discovered the microbial basis of fermentation, “swan-neck” flasks, and showed that, after boiling, the contents remain free of microbial growth, despite access to air?

Answer 19

Louis Pasteur

Question 20

What is the Germ theory of disease?

Answer 20

Many diseases are caused by microbes

Question 21

Who founded the scientific method of microbiology, and applied his methods to numerous lethal diseases around the world?

Answer 21

Robert Koch

Question 22

What is the chain of infection and who demonstrated it?

Answer 22

• transmission of a disease

- Robert Koch

Question 23

What medium did Angelina and Walther Hesse use for pure culture?

Answer 23

Agar

Question 24

What did Julius Petri use to get a pure culture?

Answer 24

Double-dish containter

Question 25

What are Koch's four postulates?

Answer 25

1. Microbe is always present in diseased host.(absent in healthy) 2. Microbe is grown in pure culture.(no other microbes present) 3. Pure microbe is introduced into healthy host. (individual becomes sick) 4. Same microbe is re-isolated from now-sick individual.

Question 26

Who introduced the practice of smallpox inoculation to europe in 1717?

Answer 26

Lady Mary Montagu

Question 27

Who deliberately infected patients with matter from cowpox lesions? What was this called that is a common name today?

Answer 27

Edward Jenner | "vaccination"

Question 28

Who developed the first vaccines based on attenuated(weakened) strains?

Answer 28

Louis Pasteur

Question 29

What is an immunization?

Answer 29

The stimulation of an immune response by deliberate inoculation with an attenuated pathogen

Question 30

Who ordered doctors to wash their hands with chlorine an antiseptic agent in 1847?

Answer 30

Ignaz Semmelweis

Question 31

Who developed carbolic acid to treat wounds and clean surgical instruments in 1865?

Answer 31

Joseph Lister

Question 32

When was aseptic surgery developed?

Answer 32

20th century

Question 33

Who studied tobacco mosaic disease and found that the agent of transmission could pass through a porcelain filter that blocked all known microbes?

Answer 33

Dmitri Ivanovsky

Question 34

Who concluded that the agent of tobacco must be something other than a bacterium?

Answer 34

Martinus Beijerinck

Question 35

How many microbial species can be cultured in the laboratory?

Answer 35

less than .1%

Question 36

Who discovered lithotrophs, developed enrichment cultures, and built the Winogradsky column?

Answer 36

Sergei Winogradsky

Question 37

What are endosymbionts?

Answer 37

They are microbes living symbiotically inside a larger organism.

Question 38

What were the two challenges taxonomist faced when attempting to classify microbes?

Answer 38

1. Resolution of the light microscope was too low. | 2. Microbial species are hard to define.

Question 39

Who called prokaryotes living in hot springs and those that produced methane Archaea?

Answer 39

Carl Woese

Question 40

Who replaced the classification scheme of five kingdoms with three equally distinct groups: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya?

Answer 40

Carl Woese

Question 41

Who developed the electron microscope and what does it reveal?

Answer 41

1. Developed by Ernst Ruska | 2. Revealed internal structure of cells

Question 42

Who developed the ultracentrifuge and what does it enable?

Answer 42

1. Theodor Svedberg | 2. Enabled separation of subcellular parts

Question 43

Who discovered the transformation in bacteria?

Answer 43

Frederick Griffith

Question 44

Who showed that the transforming substance is DNA?

Answer 44

Oswald Avery

Question 45

Who used X-Ray crystallography to determine that DNA is a double helix?

Answer 45

Rosalind Franklin

Question 46

What is the hypothetical world without DNA called?

Answer 46

RNA World