Do all leukocytes originate in the bone marrow?
No. Some originate from the fetal liver or yolk salk, e.g. brain microglia
Which cells do all blood cells derive from, what are they also known as and why?
Hematopoietic stem cells, also known as pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells, because they give rise to all blood cell types
What are the main early discoveries in immunology?
- Ancient Greece - the notion of immunity
- 1400 - variolation practiced in Middle East and China
- 1796 - Jenner’s vaccination demonstrates effect upon the exposure to the pathogen
- End of 19th century - Koch attributed diseases to specific microorganisms
- 1880 - Louis Pasteur invented chicken cholera vaccine and rabies vaccine
- Early 1890s - Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato discovered immunized serum properties
- 1899 - Jule Border discovered complement
- Elie Mechnikov discovered macrophages
- Paul Erlich developed antiserum therapy for diphtheria and tetanus. Both shared Noble Prize in 1908
- 1979 WHO declared the eradication of smallpox
What is another name for granulocytes?
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
When do dendritic cells mature?
After encountering a pathogen
What sets B- and T-lymphocytes apart from other lymphocytes?
Antigen-specific receptors
What are the three strategies to deal with pathogens?
Avoidance, resistance, tolerance
Name some intracellular bacteria
Rickettsia, Listeria
Draw the scheme of HSC derivatives
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How can helminths damage tissues?
By creating cysts which induce damaging cells response
What immune system effector mechanisms are also known as?
Mediators
Where does complement operate?
Blood and interstitial tissues
Name inflammatory inducers
ATP, urate crystals, lipopolysaccharides, viral proteins
Name sensory cells that detect inflammatory inducers and explain, how they detect them
Macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells. Via innate receptors.
What are the mediators produced by macrophages in response to inflammatory inducers and what is their purpose?
Reactive oxygen species; killing bacteria.
What are the mediators produced by dendritic cells in response to inflammatory inducers and what is their purpose?
Cytokines, they induce the production of antimicrobial proteins in epithelial cells and further propagation of the signal by ILCs
Which cells can present antigens to T-lymphocytes?
Dendritic cells and macrophages
Which cells destroy pathogens in their intracellular vesicles?
Macrophages and neutrophils
Which of these are long-lived or short-lived (macrophages, granulocytes)?
Macrophages are long-lived, granulocytes are short-lived
What is contained in the granules of eosinophils, basophils and mast cells?
Eosinophils and basophils: enzymes, toxic proteins;
Mast cells: proteases, histamine
Which cells participate in allergic reactions?
Eosinophils, basophils and mast cells
Which cells perform extensive macropinocytosis?
Dendritic cells
What do pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize?
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
What is the difference between cytokines and chemokines?
Chemokines function as chemoattractans
