Medical Model
- Disability characterized by disease, trauma or impairment
- Grouped by condition/primary symptoms/characteristics
- Disregard of environmental factors
- Programs/services to diagnose, prescribe and rehabilitate
Social Minority Model
- Disability a result of social consequence of minority status, rather than physiological cause
- Beliefs/actions isolate and discriminate disability
- “barriers model” restricting access
- Share a common experience of being disabled; thus individuality is discounted
- segregation rather than inclusion
Social Construction Model
- Creation of differences between able and not able in environment
- differences created and reinforced through an able-bodied society
- barrier highlight differences in ability compared to “norms”
- disability cannot be understood outside of a social context
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Model (ICF)
- Interaction of both individual and environment
- Emphasis on level of health and functioning
- Everyone can experience some level of disability throughout their lifetime
- Goal: To create a barrier free world in terms for functioning ability
Factors in the ICF model
Health condition Body functions and structures Participation in society Environmental factors Personal factors Contextual factors
Health Disparities in people living with disabilities
People living with disabilities are more likely to have a narrower margin of health
Inclusion and Equity
- All individuals welcomes and valued
- Fairness in access, opportunities and experience
Rationale for Inclusion
Resource redundancy
- more resources needed for separate programs and excludes some from particular resources
Instructional Individualization
- All people need some individualization
Breadth and benefits of inclusion
- Respect individual differences
- Create a motivating climate
What is the goal of effective programming in inclusion
To maximize capability and participation
How does the social minority model of disability differ from the social construction model of disability?
The social minority model assumes a stigma of disability is what segregates those living with disabilities from those who are not, whereas the social construction model places emphasis on the environment being built to cater to able bodied individuals and so highlights differences in abilities.
Provide a rationale for inclusive activity programs rather than separate programs for individuals with disabilities
To avoid resource redundancy in separate programs and to allow instructional individualization. Creating an inclusive environment creates a respectful and motivating climate for all individuals involved.
What is the World Health Organization’s definition of disability? (modelled in the ICF)
Disability results from the interaction between individuals with a health condition, such as cerebral palsy, Down syndrome and depression, with personal and environmental factors including negative attitudes, inaccessible transportation and public buildings, and limited social support.
In what ways is the ICF broader than the medical, social minority and social construction model of disability?
Disability is not solely an individual or socially created issue. The ICF takes into account the interaction of the environment . There is an emphasis on individual health and functioning within their environment. Doesn’t specifically group people with disabilities/non-disabilities but rather that each person has a varying level of functioning throughout the lifespan.
