1
Q
_____ is the least able of most substances to conduct heat, so it is a good insulator?
A
Air
2
Q
For steel trusses ______ is the critical temperature of which still begins to weaken?
A
1000°F
3
Q
Chemical reaction between two or more materials that changes the material and produces heat?
A
Exothermic reaction
4
Q
______ ______ is the ratio of the mass of a given volume of a liquid compared to the mass of an equal volume of water at the same temperature?
A
Specific gravity
5
Q
Fuel that is being oxidized or burned during combustion?
A
Reducing agent
6
Q
Could indicate that the compartment has not yet ventilated or that flashover is approaching?
A
Mid-level neutral plane
7
Q
Typically, an atmosphere having less than ____% oxygen is considered oxygen deficient?
A
19.5%
8
Q
normally, air consist of about ____ % oxygen?
A
21% oxygen
9
Q
Horizontal movement of a layer of hot gases, and combustion byproducts from the centerpoint of the plume?
A
Ceiling jet
10
Q
What are the two modes of combustion?
A
Flaming and non-flaming
11
Q
Total amount of thermal energy that could be generated by the combustion reaction if a fuel were completely burned?
A
Heat of combustion
12
Q
During flashover, the volume of burning gases can increase from approximately ____ to ____ of the rooms upper volume to fill compartment openings?
A
1/4 to 1/2
13
Q
Likewise, _______ is nearly 40 times as thoroughly conductive as concrete?
A
Steel
14
Q
Paralysis of wood begins with temperatures below 400°F, lower than the temperature required for ignition of release vapors, these vapors are usually _______ in color ?
A
White
15
Q
________ is the material or substance to be oxidized or burned in the combustion process?
A
Fuel
16
Q
Unprotected engineered, steel and wooden trusses can fail after ____ to ___ minutes of exposure to fire?
A
5 to 10 minutes
17
Q
Inorganic fuels, such as _______ or ________ , do not contain carbon?
A
Hydrogen or magnesium
18
Q
Gases, such as ________ _______ are generally colorless, while vapor and particles give smoke it’s color?
A
Carbon monoxide
19
Q
_________ ________ is a product of complete combustion of organic materials?
A
Carbon dioxide
20
Q
1 calorie is equal to how many joules?
A
1calorie =4.19 joules
21
Q
At _____°F charring of natural cotton begins?
A
482°F
22
Q
_______ _______ , a form of oxidation, is a chemical reaction that increases the temperature of a material without adding external heat?
A
Self heating
23
Q
The oxidation process usually produces _________ energy?
A
Thermal
24
Q
Complete combustion of methane and air results in the production of heat, light, water vapor, and _______ ______?
A
Carbon dioxide
25
________ fuels such as methane, hydrogen and __________ , can be the most dangerous of all fuel types because they are already in the physical state require required for ignition?
Gaseous
Acetylene
26
In terms of fire behavior, _________ indicates the HHR during combustion?
Power
27
_________ is the temperature at which a piloted ignition of sufficient vapors will begin a sustained combustion reaction?
Fire point
28
Pressure is the force per unit of area applied ______________ to a surface?
Perpendicular
29
_______ is the rate at which energy transfers?
Power
30
__________ will conduct heat more than seven times faster than steel?
Copper
31
To draw in and transport, solid particles or gases by the flow of a fluid?
Entrain
32
The chemical decomposition of a solid material by heating?
Pyrolysis
33
________ ________ is the most common source of heat in combustion reactions?
Chemical energy
34
The fully developed stage occurs when the fires _____ has peaked because of a lack of either fuel or oxygen?
HRR
Heat release rate
35
___________ may occur in any direction, vertical movement is due to the buoyancy of smoke and fire gases?
Convection
36
In single-family residential structures, the square footage of houses has increased over ____% between 1973 and 2008?
150%
37
When oxygen concentration in atmosphere exceeds ____% the atmosphere is considered oxygen and rich, presenting increased fire risk?
23.5%
38
Chemical, electrical and mechanical energy are common sources of_______ that result in the ignition of a fuel?
Heat
39
___________ is the transfer of heat through in between solids?
Conduction
40
More than _____ irritants have been identified, including hydrogen chloride, fluoride, and acrolein?
20
41
The appearance of ______ ________ is sometimes an immediate factor of flashover, a significant indicator of flashover is __________?
Isolated flames, and rollover
42
A visual indicator a fire is leaving. The incipient stage is flame height, flames, reaching. _____ feet high as a sign the fire will enter the Growth stage?
2.5 feet
43
The propensity of a material to conduct heat within his volume?
Thermal conductivity
44
Pyrolysis of wood begins at temps below _____ which is lower than the temperature required for ignition of the vapors?
400°F
45
At normal ambient temps (68°F) materials can ignite and burn at oxygen concentrations as low as _____ ?
15%
46
Moment when a mixture of fuel and oxygen encounters, an external heat, ignition source with sufficient heat or thermal energy to start the combustion reaction?
Piloted ignition
47
Form of fire, gas, ignition, of accumulated flammable products of combustion and air that are already within their flammable range?
Smoke explosion
48
Colorless, odorless, dangerous, gas formed by the completion of combustion of carbon?
Carbon monoxide
49
Most common fuels are ___________?
Organic
50
Chemical reaction in which a substance absorbs heat?
Endothermic reaction
51
A fire said to be in the ________ when it runs out of either fuel or oxygen?
Decay stage
52
May indicate that the fire is in the early stages of development?
High neutral plane
53
The standard Internation unit for power is the _____?
Watt
54
May indicate that a fire is reaching Backdraft conditions, this occurrence could also mean that the fire is below you?
Very low level neutral plane
55
____________ is the tendency of gases to form into layers according to the temperature, gas, density and pressure?
Thermal layering
56
Anything that occupy space and has mass?
Matter
57
_______ is the capacity to perform work?
Energy
58
Any material that readily yields oxygen, or other oxidizing gas, or that readily reacts to promote or initiate combustion?
Oxidizer
59
The transfer of heat from one point or object to another is part of the study of ______________?
Thermodynamics
60
Colorless, odorless, heavier than air gas, that neither supports combustion nor burns?
Carbon dioxide
61
_______ fuels such as hydrogen or magnesium, do not contain carbon?
Inorganic
62
___________ is the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapors to ignite, but not sustain combustion in the presence of a piloted ignition source?
Flashpoint
63
Kinetic energy associated with the random motions of the molecules of a material or object?
Thermal energy
64
Rapid fire development usually occurs during which stage?
Growth stage
65
When the fuel package is not in the middle of the room, the ____________ zone expands vertically, and a higher plume results?
Combustion zone
66
Which fire classification is flammable and combustible liquids and gases such as gasoline, oil, lacquer paint, mineral spirits, and alcohol?
Class B
67
Which fire classification is energized, electrical equipment, where the electrical non-conductivity of the extinguishing agent is of major importance?
Class C
68
Nomex , when placed in an oxygen enriched atmosphere of ____ % oxygen, will ignite and burn vigorously?
31%
69
In terms of fire behavior, power is the ______ during combustion?
HHR
Heat release rate
70
Before 1960, the _________ ______ roof design was one of the most common design types for large commercial and industrial structures?
Bowstring, truss roof
71
At various points in the combustion of __________ , this process results in production of carbon monoxide and formaldehyde, which are both flammable and toxic?
Methane
72
When wood burns efficiently, the combustion products may contain _________ , _________ and other fuel gases?
Methane
Acetylene
73
Any open space with no complete fire barrier dividing it is considered a ___________?
Compartment
74
Hydrogen cyanide is ____ times more toxic than CO?
35
75
________ is the thermal kinetic energy needed to release a fuel’s potential chemical energy?
Heat
76
Which fire classification is combustible metals, such as aluminum, magnesium, potassium, sodium, titanium, and zirconium?
Class D
77
Which fire classification is oils and Greece is normally found in commercial kitchens and food preparation facilities using deep fryers?
Class K
78
Which fire classification is ordinarily solid, combustible material such as wood cloth, paper, rubber, and mini plastics?
Class A
79
_________ pressure indicates how easily a substance will evaporate?
Vapor
80
Heat transfers from warmer objects to cooler objects because heated material materials will naturally return to a state of__________ __________?
Thermal equilibrium
81
SCBA face masks begin to fail after ___ mins of exposure to a heat flux of 15kW/m?
5 min
82
Electrically charged highly reactive parts of molecules release during combustion reactions?
Free radicals
83
Physical process that changes a liquid into a gaseous state?
Vaporization
84
Electrically charged highly reactive parts of molecules release during combustion reactions?
Free radicals
85
Stored energy possessed by an object that can be released in the future to perform work once released?
Potential energy
86
Rapid transition from the growth stage to the fully developed stage?
Flashover
87
Measurement of the rate of heat transfer to or from a surface?
Heat flux
88
Human skin is instantly destroyed at ____ degrees Fahrenheit?
162°F
89
What are the flammable ranges for methane?
5% -15%
90
What is the autoignition temperature for diesel?
410°F
91
What is carbon monoxide vapor density?
0.96
92
What is propane vapor density?
1.52
93
Human skin receives a first-degree burn at ______ degrees Fahrenheit?
118°F
94
Human skin receives a second-degree burn at _____ degrees Fahrenheit?
131°F
95
A phase were burned human tissue becomes numb at ____ degrees Fahrenheit?
140°F
96
What is propane’s (LPG)ignition temperature?
842°F
97
What is carbon monoxide ignition temperature?
1128°F
98
_____°F human skin begins to feel pain?
111°F
99
What is the flashpoint for gasoline?
-36°F
100
What are the flammable ranges for carbon monoxide?
12% -75%
101
________ are not combustible on their own but will support or enhance combustion?
Oxidizers
102
___________ ___________ is the minimum temperature at which a fuel in the air must heat to start self sustained combustion?
Auto ignition temperature
103
___________ _____________ occur slowly and then a low temperature, producing a glow in the material surface?
Non-flaming combustion
104
________ is where the combustion process begins?
Ignition
105
In the case of ______ ________ , there is no well defined inlet or outlet, as the air is entrained from all around the burning fuel?
Open burning
106
Electrical current flowing through a conductor produces heat?
Resistance heating
107
When the current flowing through a conductor exceeds design limits, the conductor may overheat and present an ignition hazard?
Overcurrent or overload
108
Overcurrent or overload is unintended __________ heating?
Resistance heating
109
Friction or compression generates __________ energy?
Mechanical
110
The rated which heat transfers relates to the temperature differential of the objects and the _______ ________ of the materials involved?
Thermal conductivity
111
______ have mass volume, but no definite shape?
Liquids
112
The vapor pressure of a substance and the amount of _______ energy applied to it, determine vaporization?
Thermal
113
Liquid fuels that vaporize sufficiently to burn a temperatures under _____°F present a significant flammability hazard?
100°F
114
When a fire ignite in an open area, the fire release energy based on the fuels _________ _______?
Surface area
115
Complete oxidation of methane releases the elements needed to create ______ ______ as well as release energy into the form of heat and light?
Carbon dioxide
116
________ ________ inhibition occurs when when an extinguishing agent, such as a dry chemical or halon replacement agent, interferes with this chemical reaction, formed a stable product, and terminates the combustion reaction?
Chemical flame inhibition
117
Changes in ventilation and ____ ____ can significantly alter thermal?
Flow path
118
During ________ , the environment of the room changes from a two layer condition( hot on top, cooler on the bottom) to a single, mixed hot gas condition from Floor to ceiling?
Flashover
119
___________ describes a condition where the unburned fire gases accumulated at the top of a compartment ignite, in flames propagate through the hot gas layer or across the ceiling?
Rollover
120
__________ may occur during the Growth stage as the hot gas layer forms at the ceiling?
Roll over
121
The auto ignition temperature of CO, the most abundant fuel gas created in most fires, is approximately _____ degrees Fahrenheit?
1100°F
122
A ventilation increase, such as opening a door window, can cause an explosively rapid combustion of the flammable gases called a _____________?
Backdraft
123
__________ occurs in a space containing a high concentration of heated flammable gases that lacks sufficient oxygen for flaming combustion?
Backdraft
124
A ______ _______ occurs when a mixture of unburned fuel, gases, and oxygen encounters and ignition source?
Smoke explosion
125
The _______ ______ stage occurs when the fires HRR has peaked because of a lack of either fuel or oxygen?
Fully developed stage
126
The oxidation process usually produces _________ energy?
Thermal
127
The rate at which heat transfers relates to the temperature differential of the objects and the ________ ________ of the materials involved ?
Thermal conductivity
128
The fully developed stage occurs when the fires _____ has peaked because of a lack of either fuel or oxygen?
HHR
Heat release rate
129
The ______ ________ stage occurs when the fire is HRR has peaked because a lack of either fuel or oxygen?
Fully developed
130
When unplanned, unexpected ventilation occurs,________ ________ is essential to firefighter safety?
Situational awareness
Initial Response Strategy and Tactics
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