Chapter 1 Fluid

Question 1

What moves through membrane easily (2) and what moves slowly (1)

Answer 1

Oxygen and co2

Water

Question 2

How to calculate total body water

Answer 2

Weight in kg times 0.6= L

Question 3

How much of TBW is intracellular

Answer 3

2/3, 40% of body weight

Question 4

Of TBW how much is extra cellular

Answer 4

1/3 or 20%

Question 5

What comprises extra cellular fluid, and what proportions

Answer 5

Interstitial fluid (75% of ECF, 15% TBW)

Plasma/intravascular fluid (25% ECF, 5% TBW)

Question 6

Half of body weight is

Answer 6

Water inside cells

Question 7

Red blood cells represented by

Answer 7

ICF

Question 8

Plasma/extra cellular cations (2) and anions (3)

Answer 8

Na (140), K (5)

Cl- (104), HCO3- (24), A- (14)

A- refers to proteins that are anions

Question 9

Interstitial fluid cations (2) and anions (2)

Answer 9

Na (145) and K (5)

Cl- (117), HCO3- (27)

Question 10

Intracellular fluid cations (2) and anions (4)

Answer 10

K (135) Na (11)

Misc/phosphates (80), A- (54), HCO3- (10), Cl- (8)

Question 11

Primary ECF cation, primary ICF cation

Answer 11

Sodium, potassium

Question 12

Difference in cations between compartments maintained by what

Answer 12

Sodium (3) potassium (2) ATPases. Sodium out potassium in

Question 13

At arterial end of capillary net force is what, and what happens

Answer 13

Higher net hydrostatic pressure +10, pushing out

Question 14

What happens at venous end of capillary, net filtration

Answer 14

Pressure drops, higher net oncotic pressure -8, more pressure pulling back in

Question 15

Conditions that cause edema

Answer 15

• high hydrostatic pressure venous end that won’t pull solutes back in (CHF-lungs, liver-spleen), right sided HF (feet)
• decrease oncotic pressure (portal hypertension in liver pts, not making albumin)
• damage to vessel lining- protein leak
• anaphylaxis (fluid from ICF to ISF leads to hypotension from vascular volume decrease)
• can’t drain interstitial fluid- lymph obstruction

Question 16

Osmotic pressure in mmHg equals

Answer 16

Mosmoles/L X 19.3

Question 17

Effect of adding water to ECF

Answer 17

ECF osmolarity dilutes, water moves to ICF (cells swell), overall osmolality decreases and volume increases by same amount

Question 18

What happens when adding isotonic saline to ECF (plasma)

Answer 18

Osmolality stays the same, fluid stays in ECF, volume of ECF increases

Question 19

What happens when adding hypertonic saline to ECF

Answer 19

ECF osmolality increases, fluid flows into ECF. Cells shrink in ICF. Volume of ECF increases and overall osmolality of both increase

Question 20

How to calculate total number of solutes

Answer 20

Volume times osmolarity

Question 21

How body generates intake of fluid on its own

Answer 21

Glucose plus oxygen makes water (burning fat or carbs) through oxidation

Question 22

RAA System

1. ___ ____ cells sense a decrease in BP and release ___
2. __ converts ____ to Angiotensin I
3. Angiotensin I converts to Angiotensin II via the __ __ __ in ___
4. Angiotensin II promotes ___ and stimulates____ secretion from adrenal cortex resulting in
5. __ ___ and ___ retention and an increase in BP

Answer 22

1. Renal juxtoglomerular, renin
2. Renin, angiotensinogen
3. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), lung
4. Vasoconstriction, aldosterone
5. Renal sodium, water

Question 23

Need ____ to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

Angiotensin I converted to II by ___

Answer 23

Renin

ACE enzyme

Question 24

RAA system: _____ solves pressure issue, ____ solves volume issue

Answer 24

Angiotensin II

Aldosterone

Question 25

High plasma osmolality stimulates ____ secretion. This leads to ___ water ___. This leads to water ____. This ends up with a higher fluid ____ and decreased ____. ____ decreases.

Answer 25

``` ADH Decreased excretion Retention Volume, osmolarity ADH ```

Question 26

Increase in plasma volume leads to ____ ____ detected by atrial ____ cells. Leads to ____ release. This leads to decrease in ___ system, increase ___, and action on proximal tubule to decrease ___ __.

Answer 26

Atrial stretching Endocrine ANH/ANP RAA, glomerular filtration rate, decrease Na reabsorption (pee out sodium)

Question 27

What indicator measures compartment of: TBW ECF Plasma volume

Answer 27

Antipyrine or tritiated h20, diffuses through all compartments Insulin, diffuses through plasma and ISF (large molecule can't cross cell membrane) Evans blue dye (binds to plasma proteins)

Question 28

Simple squamous found in : 3

Answer 28

Blood vessels (endothelium) Lymph vessels (endothelium) Body cavities (mesothelium)

Question 29

Keratinized stratified squamous cells found in 2

Answer 29

Skin and masticatory oral mucosa

Question 30

Non-keratinized stratified squamous cells found in: 3

Answer 30

Esophagus, non-masticatory oral mucosa, vagina

Question 31

Simple cuboidal ex Stratified cuboidal only in what

Answer 31

Thyroid follicles Sweat ducts

Question 32

Simple columnar: 2 Pseudo stratified: 1 Stratified columnar:

Answer 32

Intestine and kidney Lung Submandibular gland ducts

Question 33

Connective tissue ex 4

Answer 33

Cartilage, bone, vascular, adipose