what is theory?
way of organizing set of observations or facts into a comprehensive explanation of how something works.
what is hypotheses?
proposed explanations for a given phenomenon.
what are the 5 major categories of theoretical perspectives on lifespan human development?
- psychoanalytic theories.
- Behaviourist and social learning theories.
- cognitive theory.
- systems theories.
- Ethology and Evolutionary developmental theory.
- what is Psychoanalytic theory?
development and behaviour are the result of interplay of inner drives, memories, and conflicts we are unaware of and cannot control.
what are the 2 types of psychoanalytic Theory?
- Freud’s Psychosocial theory.
- Erikson’s Psychosocial theory.
what is freud’s psychosexual theory?
behaviour is driven by unconscious impulses outside our awareness.
what is Erikson’s Psychosocial theory?
included the role of the social world in shaping our sense of self.
what is Freud’s Psychosexual stages?
later.
what is Erikson’s Psychosocial stages?
Each stage is a conflict that need to theresolved. A vs B. #1 stage: a child should develop a trust by parents, emotionally/ physcially. However if parents do not, then a child would develop a mistrust. So each stage there is conflict that need to be resolved. If not resolved positively then it would create problems. #5 stage: all of the previous stages will build up your sense of self dynamic
- what is behaviourist & social learning theories?
development and behaviour are influenced by the physical and social environment.
what are the 2 types of behaviourist and social learning theories?
- behaviourism: examines only observable behaviour.
- social learning theory: people actively process observable information, and their thoughts and feelings then influence their future behaviour.
what are the 2 types of behaviourist learning theory? (by John Watson)
- classical conditioning: person or animal comes to associate environmental stimuli with physiological responses.
- Operant conditioning: behaviour becomes more or less probable depending on its consequences.
what are the 2 types of social learning theory? (by Albert Bandura)
- Observational learning: people learn through observing and imitating models.
- Reciprocal determinism: individuals and environment interact and influence each other.
- Like how parents effect children, but also children affect parents (observational -> reciprocal)
- what is cognitive theory?
- development and behaviour are the result of thought or cognition.
- The more we are exposed to info, it dries our behaviour to have a better understanding of the world. The picture becomes more clearer every time!
what is one types of cognitive theory?
- Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory: children and adults use their ability to think to better understand their environment.
- the more we know, the more we think, the more we understand to make sense of our environment. The reason of our behaviour is to know how to learn new things. Starts with infants that stores info into a nutshell.
- organization of learning results in cognitive schemas or concepts, ideas, and ways of interacting with the world.
- the idea of cognitive schemas is organizing a lot of info. A child organize their info into boxes of info (food, school, furniture, animal boxes). As you are exposed to info, you have to put somewhere, which is the boxes to be successful when interacting with the world.
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development.
later.
- what is the systems theories?
- emphasizes the role of social context in development.
- people are inseparable from the family, neighbourhood, and societal contexts in which they live.
- we all exisits in different context depending on the person. Ex: being in a classroom or the culture u grew up. The contexts are interacting together and with u to build u up, like a system.
what are the 2 types of systems?
- Vygotsky’s sociocultural system: examines how culture is transmitted from one generation to the next through social interaction.
- he suggests parents pass down to younger generation about cultural beliefs on how to suppose to behave, and about contexts to be embedded in. - Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological system: addresses both the role of the individual and that individual’s social interactions.
- addresses the role of indivdual by social interaction. The person sit in the middle of the context. Be influenced and also influence others.
what is bronfenbrenner’s bioecological system?
- development is result of interactions among biological, cognitive, and psychological changes within a person and their changing context.
- individuals are embedded in, or surrounded by, series of sociocultural contexts.
what is Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model?
the big circle: the context of a person who indireclty interact every often!
#1 Macrosystem: such as being in Canada but raised somewhere else that has an effect on you.
#2xosystem: larger space of underectly interacted by. Ex of workspace.
#3 Mesosystem: ex of parents/ teacher conference. A child being going to a doctor by a parent, and how they all interact together.
- what is ethology and evolutionary development theory?
- applies principles of evolution and scientific knowledge about interactive influence of genetic and environmental mechanism to understand development.
- genetic programs and biological predispositions interact with physical and social environment to influence development.
