The 7 Characteristics of Living Organisms
- Maintains boundaries
- Movement
- Responsiveness
- Excretes
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Metabolism
Levels of structural composition
Chemical Cellular Tissue: made of 2 or more cell type Organ: made of 2 or more tissue type Organ system Organism
The 11 organ systems of the human body
Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Nervous System Endocrine System Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Reproductive System (Male & Female)
Integumentary system
Skin, Hair, and Nails
- Protects the body from the external environment
- Produces Vitamin D
- Retains Water
- Regulates Body Temperature
Skeletal System
Bones and joints
- Supports the body
- Protects Internal organs
- Provides leverage for movement
- Produces blood cells
- Stores calcium salts
Muscular System
Skeletal Muscles
- Produces movement
- Controls body openings
- Generates heat
- maintains posture
Nervous System
Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
- Regulates body functions
- Provides for sensation, movement, automatic functions, and higher mental functions via nerve impulses
Endocrine System
Pancreas, thymus, thyroid, pineal, pituitary, adrenal, ovaries and testes
- Regulates body functions
- Regulates the functions of muscles, glands, and other tissues through the secretion of chemicals called hormones
Cardiovascular System
Heart and blood vessels
- Pumps and delivers oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood to the tissues
- Transports cells, nutrients, and other substances
Lymphatic System
Lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, red bone marrow
- houses white blood cells (lymphocytes)
- Returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system
- Provides immunity (protection against disease)
Respiratory System
Lungs, trachea, larynx, pharynx, nasal cavity
- Delivers oxygen to the blood
- Removes carbon dioxide from the body
- Maintains the acid-base balance of the blood
Digestive System
Mouth, Esophagus, stomach, liver, large and small intestines, rectum, anus.
- Digests Food
- Absorbs nutrients into the blood
- Removes food waste
- Regulates fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
Urinary System
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
- Removes metabolic wastes from the blood
- Regulates fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
- Stimulates blood cell production
What is Anatomy?
The study of structure or form of the human body.
What is Physiology?
The study of the body’s functions.
Male Reproductive System
Penis, testes, scrotum, ductus deferens, prostate
- Produces and transports sperm
- Secretes hormones
- Sexual function
Female Reproductive System
Uterus, vagina, ovaries, uterine tubes, mammary glands
- Produces and transports eggs
- Site of fetal development, fetal nourishment, childbirth, and lactation
- Secretes hormones
- Sexual function
Anatomical Position
The body is standing upright and the feet are shoulder width apart, with the upper limbs at the sides of the trunk and the head and palms facing forward.
Serous Membranes and the 3 different examples
Consist of a single, continuous layer of tissue that folds over on itself to enclose a single space.
- Pleural
- Pericardial
- Peritoneal
Serous Fluid
Produced by the cells of the membrane, is a watery, slippery liquid that lubricates organs just like oil lubricates the pistons in a care. It prevents friction as an organ moves against adjacent structures.
The Core Principles of Homeostasis
- Feedback Loops
- Gradients
- Cellular Communication
- Structure-function
Define homeostasis
Homeostasis is the maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in the environment.
Effector
The cells or organs that receive the control center’s signals in a feedback loop, and cause physiological responses that return the variable to homeostatic range.
What are the 3 components that control homeostasis in the body?
- receptors (respond to input from stimuli)
- control center
- effectors (respond to output command from brain)
