Intrinsic motivation
is the drive to perform a behavior simply because it is enjoyable or satisfying in itself. An example is playing a game for fun.
Extrinsic motivation
is the drive to perform a behavior in order to earn a reward or avoid punishment. An example is studying for a test to get a good grade.
Instinct theory
suggests that behaviors are driven by innate, biological instincts. An example is birds migrating south for the winter.
Drive reduction theory
proposes that behaviors are motivated by the need to satisfy physiological needs or reduce internal tension. An example is eating when hungry.
Self-efficacy theory
states that motivation is influenced by a person’s belief in their ability to accomplish a task. An example is a student feeling motivated to study because they believe they can do well on the test.
Social motives theory
suggests that behaviors are motivated by the need to fulfill social needs, such as belonging or acceptance. An example is a person joining a club to make friends.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
a theory that suggests people are motivated to fulfill certain needs in a specific order.
Maslow’s needs, from lowest to highest, are
- Physiological needs, such as hunger and thirst
- Safety needs, such as feeling secure and protected
- Love and belonging needs, such as forming relationships and feeling part of a group
- Esteem needs, such as feeling respected and valued by others
- Self-actualization needs, such as fulfilling one’s potential and achieving personal growth.
What are the physiological mechanisms that regulate hunger?
Empty stomach contraction, chemical messages that signal hunger to the brain, and glucose level drop that generates hunger.
What are the physiological mechanisms that regulate satiation?
- Blood glucose level increase signals to shut off hunger,
- food’s passage through the gastrointestinal tract provides important satiety signals to the brain,
- fat cells release leptin, a satiety hormone.
Where is the integration of the hunger and satiety signals occur in the brain?
Several areas of the hypothalamus and hindbrain.
What is the set-point theory?
The set-point theory asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight, or set point, which is resistant to change.
What is the set-point theory?
The set-point theory asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight, or set point, which is resistant to change.
What is Anorexia Nervosa?
Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image, and a significant restriction of food intake.
What are the common symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa?
Common symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa include
* excessive weight loss,
* refusal to maintain a healthy weight,
* preoccupation with food and weight,
* distorted body image.
What are the potential health consequences of Anorexia Nervosa?
Potential health consequences of Anorexia Nervosa include
* malnutrition,
* osteoporosis,
* heart problems,
* gastrointestinal issues,
* infertility.
What is Bulimia Nervosa?
Bulimia Nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by a cycle of binge eating followed by purging, which may include vomiting, laxative use, or excessive exercise.
What are the common symptoms of Bulimia Nervosa?
Common symptoms of Bulimia Nervosa include recurrent episodes of binge eating, a sense of lack of control over eating, and recurrent purging behaviors.
What are the potential health consequences of Bulimia Nervosa?
Potential health consequences of Bulimia Nervosa include electrolyte imbalances, gastrointestinal problems, dental issues, and heart problems.
Understand basic biological mechanisms regulating sexual behavior and motivation
- The hypothalamus plays a key role in regulating sexual behavior and motivation
- Hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone also play a significant role in regulating sexual behavior and desire
the importance of Alfred Kinsey’s research on human sexuality
- Kinsey’s research revealed that sexual behavior is more complex and diverse than previously thought
- His research helped to break down social stigmas surrounding sexuality and paved the way for further research on the topic
contributions that William Masters and Virginia Johnson’s research made to our understanding of the sexual response cycle
- Masters and Johnson’s research identified and described the four stages of the sexual response cycle: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
- Their research provided a foundation for future research on sexual dysfunction and treatment
Define sexual orientation and gender identity
- Sexual orientation refers to an individual’s emotional and physical attraction to others, such as same-sex attraction, opposite-sex attraction, or attraction to both sexes
- Gender identity refers to an individual’s internal sense of their gender, which may or may not correspond with their biological sex
Describe the role that limbic structures play in emotional processing
- The amygdala is a key limbic structure involved in the processing and regulation of emotions, particularly fear and anxiety
- The hippocampus is involved in the formation and retrieval of memories, including emotional memories
- The prefrontal cortex is involved in regulating and controlling emotional responses and behaviors
