CHAPTER 10-14

Question 1

How many major world religions are there?

Answer 1

At least 22 major world religions.

Question 2

What are the three largest world religions?

Answer 2

Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism.

Question 3

What trend is observed in Canadian religious patterns?

Answer 3

Declining religious affiliation and attendance.

Question 4

What are the positive outcomes of religion for individuals?

Answer 4

It provides social capital, including bridging and bonding capital.

Question 5

What is Marx’s view on religion?

Answer 5

He described it as the “opium of the people” and a tool for social control.

Question 6

What inequalities are associated with religion, according to conflict theorists?

Answer 6

Religion contributes to social and gender inequalities.

Question 7

How did Weber link religion and capitalism?

Answer 7

He said Protestant beliefs encouraged hard work, which helped capitalism grow.

Question 8

What do modern sociologists say about religion?

Answer 8

They focus on how rituals, symbols, and beliefs help people make sense of society.

Question 9

What are the four main rules of science, according to Merton?

Answer 9

1. Sharing knowledge (communism).
2. Being fair and unbiased (universalism).
3. Staying objective (disinterestedness).
4. Questioning everything (organized skepticism

Question 10

What do sociologists study about science?

Answer 10

They look at how scientists work together, follow rules, and compete with each other.

Question 11

What’s bridging capital in religion?

Answer 11

It connects different groups of people.

Question 12

What’s bonding capital in religion?

Answer 12

It creates strong ties within one group.

Question 13

What is deviance?

Answer 13

Breaking social rules; what’s “wrong” is decided by people in society.

Question 14

What’s the difference between high-consensus and low-consensus deviance?

Answer 14

• High-consensus: Everyone agrees (e.g., murder).
• Low-consensus: People disagree (e.g., tattoos, weed).

Question 15

What is crime?

Answer 15

Breaking the law, like stealing or hurting someone.

Question 16

What are the two parts of a crime?

Answer 16

1. Actus reus: Doing something illegal.
2. Mens rea: Intending to do it.

Question 17

How have crime rates changed since 1991?

Answer 17

Crime has gone down, mostly property crimes like theft.

Question 18

What are punishments for?

Answer 18

1. Payback: Make the criminal pay for the crime.
2. Stop crimes: Scare others from doing the same.
3. Rehab: Help criminals improve.
4. Protection: Keep society safe.

Question 19

What keeps people from breaking rules, according to Hirschi?

Answer 19

1. Attachment: Caring about others.
2. Commitment: Working toward goals.
3. Involvement: Staying busy with good activities.
4. Belief: Knowing what’s right and wrong.

Question 20

What is primary deviance?

Answer 20

A small bad act that doesn’t cause trouble (e.g., skipping school once).

Question 21

What is secondary deviance?

Answer 21

Repeated bad behavior after being labeled a “troublemaker.”

Question 22

What is labeling theory?

Answer 22

Calling someone bad can make them act worse.

Question 23

What is restorative justice?

Answer 23

Fixing harm by letting the victim, offender, and community solve the problem together.

Question 24

How has health improved since the early 1900s?

Answer 24

• People live longer.
• Fewer deaths from infectious diseases (thanks to better sanitation and medicine).

Question 25

What are today’s biggest health problems?

Answer 25

- Older people: Heart disease, cancer, stroke. - Younger people: Accidents and suicide.

Question 26

What is the top preventable cause of death worldwide?

Answer 26

Smoking (tobacco use).

Question 27

Why does smoking affect young people?

Answer 27

Ads and movies make it look cool.

Question 28

What are social determinants of health?

Answer 28

Things like income, education, and ethnicity that affect health, even if someone has healthy habits.

Question 29

How does socioeconomic status affect health?

Answer 29

- Poorer people have less access to good healthcare, clean water, and healthy food. - It can also cause mental stress.

Question 30

What are the four parts of the "sick role," according to Parsons?

Answer 30

1. You can skip normal duties (e.g., work). 2. You’re not blamed for being sick. 3. You must try to get better. 4 .You need to see a doctor.

Question 31

What diseases are common now compared to the past?

Answer 31

- Past: Infectious diseases like tuberculosis. - Now: Degenerative diseases like cancer and heart disease.

Question 32

What is collective behavior?

Answer 32

Group actions that are spontaneous, unstructured, and outside the usual social norms (e.g., protests, riots).

Question 33

What are the three types of crowds?

Answer 33

1. Casual: Random gatherings (e.g., people in a park). 2. Conventional: Organized for a purpose (e.g., concerts). 3. Acting: Focused on a goal, often emotional (e.g., protests).

Question 34

What does contagion theory say about crowd behavior?

Answer 34

Crowds make people act irrationally because of anonymity and influence from others.

Question 35

What does convergence theory say about crowd behavior?

Answer 35

Crowds are made up of like-minded people who gather for the same purpose (e.g., protests).

Question 36

What are rumors?

Answer 36

Unproven stories about events or people that change as they spread.

Question 36

What are urban legends?

Answer 36

Long-lasting stories with a hidden message, like “flashing headlights means gang initiation.”

Question 37

What is moral panic?

Answer 37

When society overreacts to a perceived threat (e.g., blaming video games for violence).

Question 38

What are the four ways social movements vary?

Answer 38

1. Type of change (what they want to change). 2. Degree of change (small or big changes). 3. Who they target (individuals or society). 4. How they work (peaceful or forceful).

Question 38

What is a social movement?

Answer 38

An organized effort to create or resist big changes in society.

Question 39

What is resource mobilization theory?

Answer 39

Social movements succeed when leaders use resources (money, people, networks) effectively.

Question 40

What is an example of a social movement?

Answer 40

The civil rights movement or climate change activism.

Question 41

What is overpopulation?

Answer 41

Too many people for Earth to handle sustainably.

Question 42

What is ecological overshoot?

Answer 42

Using resources faster than Earth can replace them.

Question 43

What is an ecological footprint?

Answer 43

How much land and resources people use.

Question 44

What did Malthus say about population?

Answer 44

If it grows too much, Earth won’t support everyone.

Question 45

How does industrialization harm the Earth?

Answer 45

It causes pollution and wastes resources.

Question 46

How much waste does Canada produce?

Answer 46

34 million tonnes a year (2.2 kg per person per day).

Question 47

What is greenwashing?

Answer 47

Companies pretending their products are eco-friendly.