motivation definition
set of energetic forces that originate within as well as beyond an individual to initiate
factors of motivation
- direction = the goals a person chooses to work toward
- intensity = the # of things produced or accomplished
- performance = the time someone is willing to spend on a task
performance = motivation x ability x environment
extrinsic motivation definition
originates from outside the individual eg. pay
intrinsic motivation definition
originates from inside the individual eg. enjoying the work itself
approaches to studying motivation:
- needs based
- behavioral
- job based
- cognitive process
needs based theory
- to fulfill needs
- needs can be physiological or psychological, fixed or varying in need strength, hierarchically arranged or non hierarchically arranged
needs based: maslow’s theory
lower levels must be fulfilled first
needs based:
erg theory
- existence, relatedness, growth
- can be motivated by all 3 at the same time
- as you up the triangle, it goes from satisfaction to progression
- as you go down the triangle, it goes from frustration to regression
- no notion of hierarchy
needs based:
two factor theory
- hygiene factors: do not motivate when present but may reduce motivation if not met
- motivator factors: do motivate if they are present
- limited empirical support for the theory
needs based:
self determination theory
- controlled (external) to self determined (internal)
- need fulfillment to self determined motivation
basic needs: autonomy, competence, relatedness
cognitive process based theory
focus on how motivation develops and what factors cause motivation to exist
cognitive process based : equity theory
the comparison that individuals make to determine if what they are receiving fair compared to the amount they are giving
cognitive process based : organizational justice theory
- distributive justice: perceived fairness of the processes used to make important decisions within the organization
- procedural justice: perceived fairness of the processes used to make important decisions within the organization
- interactional/ interpersonal justice: fairness of the interpersonal treatment received from one’s manager
cognitive process based : expectancy theory
(E) expectancy -represents the extent to which individuals believe that their efforts will lead to their desired performance
(I) instrumentality -reflects whether individuals expect their performance to lead to an outcome or reward
(V) valence - defines the value that a person places on that reward
cognitive process based : goal theory
goals should be SMART - Specific, Measurable, Attainable (aggressive but achievable), Relevant and Time- Bound
goal theory: self regulation & self efficacy
- self regulation: the capacity to control one’s impulses
- self efficacy: a person’s belief in one’s own abilities
job based theory
- proposes five core job characteristics: skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback
compensation
the total amount of both monetary and non-monetary pay provided to an employee by an employer
behavioral approach theory
says that behavior is largely a function of its consequences
behavioral approach theory: types of reinforcements
- positive reinforcement
- negative reinforcement
- punishment
- extinction
behavioral approach theory: reinforcement schedules
- continuous: reinforcement follows every instance of a behavior
- fixed ratio: reinforcement follows after a set number of behaviors are observed
- fixed interval: reinforcement follows after a set period of time
- variable ratio: reinforcement follows a random pattern
motivation + approach
extrinsic: behavioral & cognitive
intrinsic: job based & needs based
types of compensation
- benefits
eg. retirement plans, life insurance - incentives
eg. rewards, bonuses, recognition based rewards
