Chapter 10

Question 1

Army ants

Answer 1

• Live in swarms
• Make a nest out of ant bodies (bivuoac)
• Eusocial animals
• Bivuac moves every 2–3 nights
• Hunting: They spread out and eat anything they can find
• can kill animals much larger than them

Question 2

Ant birds

Answer 2

• Live anywhere where army ants swarm
• Eats the “sloppy seconds” of the ants
• Each adapted to be a part of the community of aunt birds
• They organize themselves around the ants around the swarm
• each has a designated spot so they don’t outcompete eachother

Question 3

Communuity

Answer 3

• A group of organisms that live together at the same place at the same time and interact directly or indirectly.
  Includes all organisms present: animals, plants, fungi, bacteria

Question 4

Forest communities

Question 5

Community organization

Answer 5

• Changes in environmental factors (environmental gradients) correspond with community changes.
• transition zones between communities are called ecotones

Question 6

Community unit concept

Answer 6

• Proposed by Frederick Clements
• Community is highly organized, made up of multiple co-adapted species
• All the animals are a unit and these communities evolve together
  ex. ant birds co-adapting to army ants

Question 7

Continuum concept

Answer 7

• Henry Gleason
  -Communities are just a coincidence
• Organisms just happen to need the same elements to survive and that’s what brings them together
• Organisms are “just in it for themselves”

Question 8

Clements vs Gleason

Answer 8

Clements unit predicts: discreet community types with sharp eco tones
Gleason’s continuum predicts: continuous variation
Gleason is right: There are continuous non-discreet distribution patterns along gradients of environmental factors

Question 9

Why is Clement’s theory useful even if it’s kinda wrong?

Answer 9

• Its helpful for explanations
• Discrete community units are important in areas like forestry

Question 10

what are 3 ways comunities can be studied?

Answer 10

• Communities can also be organized by the functional role species play
• Communities can be studied based on trophic position (autotrophs, herbivores, carnivores, detrivors)
  or
  -by the way organism use resorces

Question 11

Guild

Answer 11

Group of organisms that use similar resources
ex. Bats hummingbirds insects all feed on nectar and are in the floral visiting guild
Organisms not related but united by their need for similar resources exstracted in the same way

Question 12

What types of interactions are there?

Answer 12

• Herbivory
• predation
• Competition
• Disease
• Symbiosis
• Mutualism
• Parasitism
  -Commensalism

Question 13

Herbivory

Answer 13

• Herbivorous are numerous on the bottom of the trophic pyramid
• They can have major influences on community composition
  ex. Spruce budworm kills trees - can completely change an ecosystem

Question 14

Predation

Answer 14

Reduce herbivore population, which can lead to increased plant growth.
ex. Bay breasted warbler who eats spruce budworm

Question 15

Competition

Answer 15

• Resources are finite
• Animals compete for food territory nesting location
  Competitive ability can influence species presents and abundance

Question 16

Disease

Answer 16

• there are cycles of disease created by community interaction
  ex. sea urchin

Question 17

Symbiosis: mutualism

Answer 17

Both partners benefit
Obligate relationship: organisms cant live appart
ex. accacia ants and tree

Question 18

Symbiosis: parasitism

Answer 18

One partner benefits the other suffers
ex. strangling fig tree

Question 19

Symbiosis commensalism

Answer 19

One benefits, other unaffected
ex. epiphytic plants (lichen)

Question 20

Acacia ants and acacia tree is an example of…

Answer 20

mutualism

Question 21

Rhizobium bacteria and clover

Answer 21

mutualism

Question 22

Large ungulates and egrets

Answer 22

• mutualism

Question 23

Antbirds and army ants

Answer 23

commensalism