what is intelligence?
there is no clear consensus on what intelligence is.
Srtucture of intelligence
-singular-component theory of intelligence
- multicomponent theories of intelligence
Factor analysis
-Any measure of intelligence requires analysis of multiple tasks
Singular-component theory of intelligence
(Binet-Simon test)
-intended for those developing normally and for those with intellectual disabilities
-measure skills presumed to be necessary for classroom learning: attention, perception, memory, numerical reasoning, verbal comprehension, and so on
Mental age(MA)
a measure of intellectual development that reflects the level of age-graded problems a child is able to solve
who found that a child’s scores across a variety of cognitive tests were moderately correlated
Spearman
General mental factor: g
-he also noticed that intellectual performance was often inconsistent
special abilities: s
Who factor analyzed 50 mental tests administered to grade 8 and college students
Thurstone
Thurstone 7 primary mental abilities
- spatial ability
- perceptual speed
- numerical reasoning
- verbal meaning
- word fluency
- memory
- inductive reasoning
Factor analysis approaches
- structure of intellect model
- Fluid intelligence
- Crystallized intelligence
fluid intelligence
- the ability to perceive relationships and solve novel abstract problems that are not taught and are relatively free of cultural influence
crystallized intelligence
- the ability to understand relations of solve problems that depend on knowledge acquired from schooling and other influences
Sternbergs Triarchic Theory
-Contextual Component
-Experiential Component
-Componential Component
Gardner’s Multiple intelligence theory
- At least nine kinds of intelligence
- Independent, with relative strengths and weaknesses
-Injury to a particular area of the brain usually influences only one ability, leaving others unaffected
Savant syndrome
some individuals are truly exceptional in one ability but poor in others
Stanford-binet intelligence scale
- scores were initially based on mental age
- IQ= mental age/chronological age x100
Newer approaches to intelligence testing
- Kaufman Assessment Battery for children
-Dynamic testing
Gardners multiple intelligence theory
- at least nine kinds of intelligence
-Independent, with relative strengths and weaknesses
Injury to a particular part of the brain usually influences only one ability, leaving others unaffected
Savant syndrome
Some individuals are truly exceptional in one ability but poor in others
Stanford- Binet intelligence scale
Scores were initially based on mental age
IQ= mental age/ chronological age x 100
Newer approaches to intelligence testing
The Kaufman assessment battery for children
Dynamic assessment
Assessing infant intelligence
Bayley scales of infant development
- motor scale
-mental scale - Behavioral record
Intellectual disability
significant sub average intellectual functioning associated with impairments in adaptive behavior in every day life.
Three criteria for intellectual disabilities
- Deficits in intellectual functioning include reasoning, problem solving, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, etc
- Deficits in adaptive functioning hat result in failure to meet developmental socio cultural standards for personal independence and social responsibility
- Onset during developmental period
factors that influence IQ scores
1.Heredity
- Twin studies (Identical IQ correlate more then fraternal)
-Adoption studies ( resemble bio parents more than adoptive)
2.Enviorment
-parental attitude
-socioeconomic status
-sociocultural group
Home environment factors that risk low IQ
- mother did not complete highschool
-four or more children in fam
-father is absent
-family experiences many stresses
-rigid child rearing values
-mother has poor mental health
-child is part of minority group
-head of household is unemployed or low skilled worker
-mother shows little pos affect toward child
Home inventory (Caldwell and Bradley 1984)
A measurement of intellectual stimulation at home
ex. parents speech is distinct, clear and audible or child gets out of the house 4x week
