Chapter 10 - Flashcards

Question

what are the 3 domains?

Answer 1

- Bacteria (Kingdom prokaryotae was split into 2 domains- B & A) - Archaea - Eukarya (the 4 eukaryotic kingdoms were grouped together into 1 domain)

Answer 2

- 3 domains, 6 kingdoms

Answer 3

- features such as differences in RNA polymerase structure and ribosome size. - RNA polymerase is actually not a single protein, but a collection of different proteins working together.

Answer 4

- Eubacteria - Archaebacteria - Protoctista - Fungi - Plantae - Animalia

Answer 5

- better represents the phylogenetic relationships between the different taxa. - The closer the branches on the diagram, the more closely related/similar those groups are

Answer 6

- Phylogeny is the concept of evolutionary relationships. | - Modern classification is based on phylogeny rather than observable features.

Answer 7

Evidence about phylogenetic relationships is used to build up a ‘tree of life’ showing common ancestors, speciation events and extinctions. Darwin drew the first one.

Answer 8

- common descent. - ~3.5 billion years ago there was a ‘universal common ancestor' - Since then, natural selection has caused 3 things to happen: Speciation, Anagenesis, Extinction

Answer 9

the formation of new species

Answer 10

changes within species

Answer 11

loss of species

Answer 12

“The development of new types of organism from pre-existing types by the accumulation of genetic differences over long periods of time.”

Answer 13

- Jointly published a paper with Darwin in 1858, putting forward the theory of natural selection - travelled extensively, discovered the ‘Wallace Line’, a line separating the organisms of Asia and Australia.

Answer 14

proposed that the stretching of the giraffe’s neck to reach the leaves at the tops of trees was inherited by its offspring.

Answer 15

Acquired characteristics cannot be passed on to the next generation. You don’t inherit your parents’ tattoos!

Answer 16

natural selection.

Answer 17

- there r selection pressures - intraspecific variation caused by diff allele combinations - this leads to an organism being poorly adapted, selective -, selected against, dead, or better adapted, selective +, selected for, survive - selected for organisms goes onto reproduce & passes allele combinations on to offspring

Answer 18

Anatomical Behavioural Physiological

Answer 19

- physical features, internal and external e.g. Teeth - the shape & type of teeth present in an animal's jaw are related to its diet, Camouflauge - making it harder for predaator to spot it

Answer 20

- the way an organism acts - e.g. survival behaviours - rabbit freezes when thinks its been seen - e.g. courtship - many animals exhibit elaborate courtship behaviours to attract a mate - scorpions perform a dance to attract a partner

Answer 21

- processes that take place within an organism | - e.g. poison production -

Answer 22

- processes that take place within an organism - e.g. poison production - many reptiles produce venom to kill prey and plants posion to avoid being eaten - Antibiotic production - some bacteria produce antibiotics to kill other species of bacteria in the the surrounding area

Answer 23

Convergent evolution takes place when unrelated species begin to share similar traits.

Answer 24

are adapted to perform the same function but have a different genetic origin

Answer 25

anatomical adaptations

Answer 26

- endemic to Australia & the Americas. Most of the young are carried in a pouch. - any members of the mammalian infraclass Marsupialia

Answer 27

- aloe and agave appear similar as have both adapted to survive in the desert but have developed entirely seperately. - Aloe= evolved in sub-Saharan Africa - Agave = mexico

Answer 28

- Antibiotic resistant bacteria - pesticide resistant insects - plastic digesting bacteria

Answer 29

- e.g. = MRSA - bacteria reproduce v rapidly and so evolve in a relatively short time - when bacteria replicate, their DNA can be altered and this usually results in the bacteria dying - hwvr, a mutation in some S. aureus arose that provided resistance to methicillin - when the bacteria were exposed to methicilin, resistant indivs survived and reproduced passing the allele for resis onto offspring - non resistant indivs died and overtime the no. of resistant ⬆

Answer 30

- e.g. = Sheep Blowflies - in 1950s in Australia, the pesticide diasion was used to kill the blowflies and prevent 'flystrike' - within 6 years, blow flies developed a high level of resistance to diazonin - indiv insects w resistance survived exposure to the insecticide and passed on this characteristic thru their allelles, allowing a resistant pop to evolve

Answer 31

- e.g. = Flavobacterium - some organisms have evolved due to opportunities that have arisen in their envir - new strain of Flavobacterium live in waste water from factories that produce Nylon 6 - evolved to digest nylon and is thr beneficial to humans as help to clean up factory waste

Answer 32

Embryos of many diff animals look similar and it is often diff to tell them apart ➡ shows animals develop in a similar way, implying that the process of embryonic development have a common origin.

Answer 33

Carl Woese. Organisms grouped using differences in the sequences of nucleotides in the cell's ribosomal RNA( rRNA), cell membrane's lipid structure and their sensitivity to antibiotics

Answer 34

bc their chemical makeup is diff from Archaebacteria

Answer 35

- Eukarya:80s & 12 proteins in RNA polymerase, - Archaea :70s & diff organisms contain 8-10 & very similar to Euk ribosome - bacteria:70s & 5 proteins in RNA polymerase

Answer 36

- Darwin studied e.g. finches on the Galapagos Islands to come up with the theory of NS - at the same time, Alfred Wallace was working on his own theory of evolution - their ideas were so similar that they jointly published a paper on NS to the Linnean society

Answer 37

- within diff stratas of rock, the fossils found are quite diff, forming a sequences from oldest ➡ youngest, which shows that organisms have gradually changed over time - fossil record

Answer 38

- oldest rocks: fossils of simplest organisms e.g. bacteria, - recent rocks: more complex organisms e.g. vertebrates ➡ supports evol theory that simple life forms gradually evolved over a long period of time to more complex ones.

Answer 39

the seq in which organisms are found matches their ecological inks to each other e.g. plants b4 animals ➡ animals require plants to survive

Answer 40

by studying similarities in the anatomy of fossil organisms, scientists can show how closely related organsisms have evolved from the same ancestor (e.g. Zebra, horses, rhinos)

Answer 41

fossils allow relationships between extinct and living organisms to be investigated

Answer 42

the fossil record is not complete e.g. soft boded organisms conditions not present, fossils destroyed or undiscovered

Answer 43

fossil record incomplete so scientists look ar other sources of evid. It's the study of similarieties and diffrences n the anatomy of diff living things

Answer 44

a structure that appears superficially diff (and may perform diff functions) in diff organisms, but has the same underlying structure e.g. pentadactyl limbs of vertabrates - provides evid for divergent evol

Answer 45

- the study of similarities and diffs in the proteins and other molecules that control life processes. - altho these mols change over time, some important ones are highly coserved among species. Slight changes can help identify evol. links - 2 of the most common mols studied are rRNA & cytochrome

Answer 46

most of the variability on the structure of a molecule does not affect its function (because it occurs outside the mols functional region)

Answer 47

neutral, their accumulation is not affected by NS

Answer 48

- the molecular sequence of a particular molecule is compared (done by looking at order of DNA bases or order of AAs in a protein - The no. of diffs that exist are plotted against the rate the mol undergoes neutral base pair substitutions - from this, scientists can estimate the point at which 2 species last shared a common ancestor - species that are closely related have more similar DNA & proteins

Answer 49

- rRNA has a very slow rate of sub so it is commonly used together w fossil info to determine relationships between ancient species

Answer 50

the name given to the process by which living species are sorted into groups. the organisms within each group share similar features

Answer 51

- to identify a species - by using a clearly defined system of class, the species an organism belongs to can be easily identified - to predict characteristics - if several member in a group have spec characs, it's likely that another species in the group will have the same characteristics - to find evolutionary links - species in the same group probs share characteristics bc they have evolved from a common ancestor

Answer 52

scientists worldwide can share their research. Links between different organisms can be seen even if they live on diff continent. Remember that CSs have been created to order obsereved characteristics organisms, this form of hierarchical organisation is not defined by nature.

Answer 53

This was not a very useful system for scientists working internationally, as organisms may have more than one common name, and different names in different languages. Another problem is that common names do not provide information about relationships between organisms

Answer 54

No 2 species have the same spec and generic name. 2 diff species could have the same specific name but their genus would be diff.

Answer 55

As more was discovered about organisms and more species were discovered, it became increasingly difficult to divide living organisms into just two kingdoms. For example, the introduction of the microscope in the 16th to 17th century enabled scientists to study the cells of an organism and showed that bacteria have a very different cell structure to that of other organisms. From the 1960s, scientists classified organisms into five kingdoms. This classification system was introduced by Robert Whittaker, an American plant ecologist, based on the principles developed by Carl Linnaeus

Answer 56

• unicellular • no nucleus or other membrane-hound organelles - a ring of 'naked' DNA - small ribosomes • no visible feeding mechanism - nutrients are absorbed through the cell wall or produced internally by photosynthesis Examples include the bacteria Escherichia coli. Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus anthracis.

Answer 57

Examples include species belonging to the genera Paramecium and Amoeba. • (mainly) unicellular • a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles • some have chloroplasts

Answer 58

Examples include species belonging to the genera Paramecium and Amoeba. • (mainly) unicellular • a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles • some have chloroplasts • some are sessile, but others move by cilia, flagella, or by amoeboid mechanisms • nutrients are acquired by photosynthesis (autotrophic feeders), ingestion of other organisms (hetcrotrophie feeders), or both -some are parasitic.

Answer 59

• unicellular or multicellular • a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles and a cell wall mainly composed of chitin • no chloroplasts or chlorophyll • no mechanisms for locomotion • most have a body or mycelium made of threads or hyphae • nutrients are acquired by absorption - mainly from decaying material - they are saprophytic feeders - some are parasitic • most store their food as glycogen.

Answer 60

- With over 250000 species, the plant kingdom is the second largest of the kingdoms • multicellular • a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles including chloroplasts, and a cell wall mainly composed of cellulose • all contain chlorophyll • most do not move, although gametes of some plants move using cilia or flagella • nutrients are acquired by photosynthesis - they are autotrophic feeders - organisms that make their own food • store food as starch.

Answer 61

- With over 250000 species, the plant kingdom is the second largest of the kingdoms • multicellular • a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles including chloroplasts, and a cell wall mainly composed of cellulose • all contain chlorophyll • most do not move, although gametes of some plants move using cilia or flagella • nutrients are acquired by photosynthesis - they are autotrophic feeders - organisms that make their own food • store food as starch. Examples include flowering plants such as roses, trees such as oak, and grasses

Answer 62

- The animal kingdom is the largest kingdom with over 1 million known species. • multicellular • a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles (no cell walls) • no chloroplasts • move with the aid of cilia, flagella, or contractile proteins, sometimes in the form of muscular organs - Examples include mammals such as cats, reptiles such as lizards, birds, insects, molluscs, worms, sponges, and anemones. • nutrients are acquired by ingestion - they are heterotrophic feeders • food stored as glycogen.

Answer 63

contain a unique form of rRNA and diff ribosomes

Answer 64

- bacteria goes into eubacteria - archae go into archae bacteria - eukarya goes into protoctista, plantae, fungi, animalia

Answer 65

Archaebaaeria, also known as ancient bacteria, can live in extreme environments. These include hot thermal vents, anaerobic conditions, and highly acidic environments. For example, methanogens live in anaerobic environments such as sewage treatment plants and make methane.

Answer 66

Eubacteria, also known as true bacteria, are found in all environments and are the ones you will be most familiar with. Most bacteria are of the Eubacteria kingdom.

Answer 67

+ Phylogeny can be clone without reference to Linnaean classification. Classification uses knowledge of phylogcny in order to confirm the classification groups are correct or causes them to be changed. For example, a dolphin has many of the same characteristics as a fish, so in theory a dolphin could be classified as a fish. However, knowledge of the phylogeny of dolphins confirms its classification as a mammal

Answer 68

* Phylogeny produces a continuous tree whereas classification requires discrete taxonomical groups. Scientists are not forced to put organisms into a specific group that they do not quite fit. * The hierarchal nature of Linnaean classification can be misleading as it implies different groups within the same rank are equivalent

Answer 69

* palaeontology - the study of fossils and the fossil record * comparative anatomy - the study of similarities and differences between organisms' anatomy * comparative biochemistry - similarities and differences between the chemical makeup of organisms.

Answer 70

The presence of homologous structures provides evidence for divergent evolution. This describes how, from a common ancestor, different species have evolved, each with a different set of adaptive features. This type of evolution will occur when closely related species diversify to adapt to new habitats as a result of migration or loss of habitat.

Answer 71

Comparative biochemistry is the study of similarities and differences in the proteins and other molecules that control life processes. Although these molecules can change over time, some important molecules are highly conserve«! (remain almost unchanged) among species. Slight changes that occur in these molecules can help identify evolutionary links. Two of the most common molecules studied are cytochrome c, a protein involved in respiration, and ribosomal RNA.

Answer 72

variations

Answer 73

members of different species - these differences are known as interspecifc variation.

Answer 74

Two factors cause variation: • An organism’s genetic material - differences in the genetic material an organism inherits from its parents leads to genetic variation. • The environment in which the organism lives - this causes environmental variation.

Answer 75

Genetic variation is due to the genes (and alleles) an individual possesses: 1. Alleles (variants) 2. mutations 3. meiosis 4. sexual reproduction 5. chance

Answer 76

genes have different alleles (alternative forms). With a gene for a particular characteristic, different alleles produce different effects.

Answer 77

- changes to the DNA sequence and therefore to genes can lead to changes in the proteins that are coded for. These protein changes can affect physical and metabolic characteristics. II a mutation occurs in somatic (body) cells, just the individual is affected. However, il a mutation occurs in the gametes it may be passed on to the organism's offspring. Both can result in variation.

Answer 78

- gametes (sex cells - ovum ans sperm) are produced by the process of meiosis in organisms that reproduce sexually. each gamete receives half the genetic content of a parent cell. Before the nucleus divides and chromatids of a chromosome separate, the genetic material inherited from the two parents is mixed up' by independent assortment and crossing over. This leads to the gametes of an individual showing variation.

Answer 79

- the offspring produced from two individuals inherits genes (alleles) from each of the parents. Each individual produced therefore diflers from the parents

Answer 80

- many different gametes are produced from the parental genome. - During sexual reproduction it is a result of chance as to which two combine (often referred to as random fertilisation). - The individuals produced therefore also differ from their siblings as each contains a unique combination of genetic material.

Answer 81

An example of a characteristic that is determined purely by genetic variation is your blood group. The genes passed onto you from your parents determine il your blood group will be type A. B, AB or O.

Answer 82

An example of a characteristic that is determined purely by genetic variation is your blood group. The genes passed onto you from your parents determine il your blood group will be type A. B, AB or O.

Answer 83

Where identical values exist, the 'average rank' should he used. So, if two equal values appear at rank 5, both are assigned the rank 5.5 (between ranks 5 and 6).

Answer 84

An rs value of +1 shows a perfect positive correlation. An rs value of -1 shows a perfect negative correlation. An rs value of 0 shows no correlation.

Answer 85

Adaptations are characteristics that increase an organism's chance of survival and reproduction in its environment. Many adaptations fall into more than one category.

Answer 86

·Body covering e.g. feathers - help to fly ·Camouflage - the outer colour of an animal allows it to blend into its environment, making it harder for predators to spot it. - Teeth - the shape and type of teeth present in an animal's jaw arc related to its diet. - Mimicry - copying another animal's appearance or sounds allows a harmless organism to fool predators into thinking it is poisonous or dangerous

Answer 87

- Survival behaviours - e.g. rabbit freezes when they think they have been seen. · Courtship - to attract a mate. - Seasonal behaviours - these adaptations enable organisms to cope with changes in their environment: migration, hibernation

Answer 88

- Innate (or instinctive) behaviour - the ability to do this is inherited through genes. - Learned behaviour - these adaptations are learnt from experience or from observing other animals. but many behavioural adaptations are a combination of both innate and learned behaviours

Answer 89

- Poison production - Antibiotic production - Water holding

Answer 90

convergent evolution

Answer 91

factors that affect the organism's chances of survival or reproductive success

Answer 92

1. Organisms within a species show variation genetic variation. 2. Organisms whose characteristics are best adapted to a selection pressure such as predation, competition (for mates and resources) or disease, have an increased chance of surviving and successfully reproducing. Less well-adapted organisms die or fail to reproduce. This process is known as 'survival of the fittest'. 3. Successful organisms pass the allele encoding the advantageous characteristic onto their offspring. 4. Over time, the proportion of individuals with the advantageous adaptation increases. 5. Over very long periods of time, many, many generations and often involving multiple genes, this process can lead to the evolution of a new species.

Answer 93

an organism's existing trait is advantageous for a new situation

Chapter 10 - Flashcards

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