chapter 10: classification and evolution

Question 1

order of the 7 taxonomic groups

Answer 1

kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Question 2

what level of classification is above kingdom

Answer 2

domain

Question 3

reasons to classify organisms

Answer 3

to identify species
to predict characteristics
find evolutionary links

Question 4

why is it good to just have 1 classification system

Answer 4

scientists worldwide can share their work easily

Question 5

3 domains

Answer 5

archaea, bacteria, eukarya

Question 6

define species

Answer 6

a group of organisms that are able to reproduce to produce fertile offspring

Question 7

system to ensure people talking about the same organisms

Answer 7

binomial nomenclature

Question 8

how does binomial nomenclature work

Answer 8

first word = genus. generic name
second word = species. specific name

Question 9

5 kingdoms

Answer 9

prokaryotae (bacteria)
protoctista (unicellular eukaryotes)
fungi
plantae
animalia

Question 10

5 general features of protoctista kingdom

Answer 10

unicellular
nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
some have chloroplasts
some are sessile
nutrients acquired through PS, ingestion of organisms or both

Question 10

3 general features of prokaryotae kingdom

Answer 10

unicellular
no nucleus or other membrane bound organelles
no visible feeding mechanism

Question 11

7 general features of fungi kingdom

Answer 11

unicellular or multicellular
nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
cell wall made of chitin
no chloroplasts or chlorophyll
no mechanisms of locomotion
nutrients acquired through absorption
most store food as glycogen

Question 12

7 general features of plantae kingdom

Answer 12

multicellular
nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
cell wall made of cellulose
contain chlorophyll
most dont move
nutrients acquired by PS
store food as starch

Question 13

6 general features of animalia kingdom

Answer 13

multicellular
nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
no chloroplasts
move with aid of cilia, flagella, muscles
nutrients acquired by ingestion
food stored as glycogen

Question 14

ribosomes and RNA of eukarya

Answer 14

80s ribosomes
RNA polymerase contains 12 proteins

Question 15

explain how the 3 domain system is organised

Answer 15

3 domains which contain a unique form of RNA and different ribosomes

Question 16

ribosomes and RNA of Archaea

Answer 16

70s ribosomes
RNA polymerase 8-10 proteins

Question 17

ribosomes and RNA of Bacteria

Answer 17

70s ribosomes
RNA polymerase contains 5 proteins

Question 17

how is the 6 kingdom system different to the 5 kingdom system

Answer 17

the prokaryotae is split into archaebacteria and eurbacteria

Question 18

on a phylogeny tree, what does it mean if 2 species are close together

Answer 18

they are closely related

Question 18

define phylogeny

Answer 18

the evolutionary relationships between organisms

Question 19

on a phylogeny tree, where are the most recent species found

Answer 19

at the top of the branches

Question 20

advantages of phylogenetic classification over linnaean classification (KPCOFGS)

Answer 20

produces continuous tree so scientists not forced to put things in groups they dont like
linnaean classification can be misleading as it implies different groups within the same rank are equal

Question 21

evidence for evolution

Answer 21

palaeontology
comparative anatomy
comparative biochemistry

Question 22

evidence provided by the fossil record (4)

Answer 22

fossils of simplest organisms found in oldest rocks sequence in which organisms are found matches ecological links to eachother can show how closely related organisms have evolved from the same ancestor allow relationships between extinct and living organisms to be investigated

Question 23

why is the fossil record incomplete (2)

Answer 23

soft body organisms decompose some fossils destroyed by earths movements

Question 23

what do homologous structures provide evidence of

Answer 23

divergent evolution

Question 23

what 2 molecules are studies in comparative biochemistry

Answer 23

cytochrome C and RNA

Question 24

how is biochemistry used to determine how closely species are related

Answer 24

looking at molecular sequences

Question 24

2 causes of variation

Answer 24

genetic material environment it lives

Question 25

3 genetic causes of variation

Answer 25

alleles mutation sexual reproduction

Question 25

2 examples of and environmental cause of variation

Answer 25

2 plants. one in sunlight one not. scars.

Question 26

2 examples that are both genetic and environmental variation

Answer 26

height skin colour

Question 27

2 types of variation about characteristics

Answer 27

continuous variation discontinuous variation

Question 28

define discontinuous variation

Answer 28

characteristic that can only result in discrete values

Question 29

define continuous variation

Answer 29

characteristic that can take any value within a range

Question 30

example of discontinuous variation

Answer 30

blood type

Question 31

example of continuous variation

Answer 31

height

Question 32

how is discontinuous variation shown on a graph

Answer 32

bar graph

Question 33

how is continuous variation shown on a graph

Answer 33

normal distribution

Question 33

how many genes control discontinuous variation

Answer 33

a single gene

Question 34

what does high standard deviation mean in terms of variation level

Answer 34

high variation

Question 34

how many genes control continuous variation

Answer 34

many genes

Question 35

% of values within the 1st 2nd and 3rd standard distribution

Answer 35

68 95 99.7

Question 36

what test is used to compare the means of values between 2 populations

Answer 36

students t test

Question 37

define adaptation

Answer 37

characteristic that increases a organisms chance of survival and reproduction in an environment

Question 38

3 types of adaptations

Answer 38

anatomical -physical features behavioural - way it acts physiological - processes in an organism

Question 39

4 examples of anatomical adaptations

Answer 39

body covering, camouflage, teeth, mimicry

Question 40

3 examples of behavioural adaptations

Answer 40

survival behaviours, courtship, seasonal behaviours

Question 41

3 examples of physiological adaptations

Answer 41

poison, antibiotic, water holding

Question 42

4 steps of natural selection

Answer 42

1. organisms within a species show variation in characteristics caused by genes. 2. organisms whose characteristics are best adapted to a selection pressure have more chance of surviving and reproducing. 3. successful organisms pass the allele encoding for the advantageous characteristic onto their offspring 4. this is repeated every generation

Question 43

whats the founder effect

Answer 43

when a few individuals of a species colonise a new area, their offspring initially experience a loss in genetic variation and rare alleles can become more common in the population.