Chapter 10: Connectivity

Question 1

how do wildlife species occur?

Answer 1

as multiple populations distributed across landscapes

Question 2

connectivity equation

Answer 2

N t+1 = Nt + B + I - D - E

Question 3

E

Answer 3

emigration

Question 4

I

Answer 4

immigration

Question 5

one migrant per generation rule

Answer 5

• typically maintains genetic diversity
• balances local adaptation
• independent of population size
• migrant has to have the same probability of breeding

Question 6

demographic connectivity

Answer 6

change in population size due to immigration and emigration

Question 7

impact of demographic connectivity

Answer 7

a function of the migration rate & the local demographic rates

Question 8

migration

Answer 8

• movement of large numbers of one species from one place to another
• often round trip

Question 9

dispersal

Answer 9

permanent movement away from population of origin to another population

Question 10

types of dispersal

Answer 10

• immigration
• emigration

Question 11

immigration

Answer 11

dispersal into a target population

Question 12

emigration

Answer 12

dispersal out of a target population

Question 13

example of migration

Answer 13

movement of eels between lakes & rivers & Sargasso Sea

Question 14

example of dispersal

Answer 14

movement of mountain lions from W. USA to the midwest

Question 15

why is connectivity important?

Answer 15

• persistence & fluctuation of populations
• colonization & recolonization of empty sites

Question 16

persistence & fluctuation of populations

Answer 16

• rescue effects
• synchrony

Question 17

rescue effects

Answer 17

• genetic
• demographic
• evolutionary

Question 18

synchrony

Answer 18

• of population dynamics to dampen fluctuations
• can have negative consequences

Question 19

colonization of new sites

Answer 19

permits response to changing environmental conditions

Question 20

example of colonization of new sites

Answer 20

global climate change

Question 21

recolonization

Answer 21

increase persistence of suite of populations

Question 22

how to measure connectivity?

Answer 22

• using mark-recapture methods
• radio telemetry

Question 23

CMR: Roseate Terns

Answer 23

• band a large number of birds at colonies
• colonies search each year for marked birds
• identify which birds moved
• need to know where to look

Question 24

Jolly Seber

Answer 24

open population type models

Question 25

CMR for measuring dispersal & connectivity

Answer 25

- great for tightly colonial species - great for heavily harvested animals - need to know where to look for dispersing animals

Question 26

for which of the following would it be challenging to measure movement using mark recapture? - praire dogs - white tailed deer - raccoons

Answer 26

raccoons

Question 27

radio telemetry

Answer 27

- mark animals with a radio transmitter - follow them

Question 28

different types of radio telemetry

Answer 28

- VHF - acoustic - satellite

Question 29

VHF & acoustic telemetry

Answer 29

- easier to find dispersers than CMR - limited by the range of the transmitter

Question 30

VHF & acoustic telemetry: limited by range of transmitter

Answer 30

- limited by size - aircrafts & drones can help search - freshwater & marine

Question 31

The Motus Wildlife Tracking System

Answer 31

- automated radio telemetry to simultaneously track hundreds of individuals of numerous species of birds, bats, & insects - international collaborative network

Question 32

satellite transmitters

Answer 32

- marks animals with transmitters - sit at your desk & let a satellite track them

Question 33

pros of satellite transmitters

Answer 33

good for broad scale movement

Question 34

cons of satellite transmitters

Answer 34

- not always extremely accurate - expensive - relatively heavy

Question 35

Genetic Method: assignment test

Answer 35

designed to directly detect individuals that disperse from their population of birth

Question 36

Brook Trout

Answer 36

- native to Lake Erie tributary system - reintroductions began in late 90's

Question 37

metapopulation

Answer 37

population of populations

Question 38

metapopulation details

Answer 38

- habitat occurs in discrete patches - dispersal occurs between patches - not all patches are created equal

Question 39

source population

Answer 39

serve as a net contributor to the metapopulation

Question 40

sink population

Answer 40

population that drains the metapopulation

Question 41

Snowshow hares cycle across Canada & AK

Answer 41

source sink dynamics are one of the reasons that snowshow hares do not cycle in the US