Chapter 10: Environmental Issues

Question 1

governance

Answer 1

implies that regulation and control need to be exercised in the absence of a central government, delivering the kinds of service that a world government would provide if it were to exist

Question 2

paris climate summit

Answer 2

• It reaffirmed the goal of limiting temperature increase to well below 2°C, while urging all parties to try to limit the increase to 1.5°C.
• The accords established binding commitments by all parties to make nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and to create domestic policies to achieve these commitments.
• All parties are committed to reporting on the progress with the NDCs and to report regularly on their emissions. All of these efforts and reports are also subject to international review.
• New NDCs are to be developed every five years and these should be aimed at achieving greater goals than previous NDCs.
• The accords reaffirmed the obligations of wealthier developed states to support the efforts of developing states. The developing states were also encouraged to make some contributions to these efforts.
• The agreement continued the goal of mobilizing $100 billion a year in support by 2020. A higher goal will be set for 2025.
• Parties agreed to explore ways to address “loss and damage” from climate change.

Question 3

ecological footprint

Answer 3

A measure that demonstrates the load placed on Earth’s carrying capacity by individuals or nations. It does this by estimating the area of productive land and water system required to sustain a population at its specified standard of living.

Question 4

global environmental governance

Answer 4

The performance of global environmental regulative functions, often in the absence of a central government authority. It usually refers to the structure of international agreements and organizations but can also involve governance by the private sector or nongovernmental organizations.

Question 5

emissions trading

Answer 5

A system that provides that the rights to emit carbon can be bought and sold.

Question 6

joint implementation

Answer 6

A system that allows a developed country to receive credits against its own emissions-reduction target by financing projects in another developed country, the argument being that money is best spent where it can achieve the greatest reduction in world emissions of greenhouse gases.

Question 7

clean development mechanism

Answer 7

A system that allows a developed country to receive credits against its own emissions-reduction target by financing projects in a developing country, the argument being that money is best spent where it can achieve the greatest reduction in world emissions of greenhouse gases.

Question 8

Kyoto protocol

Answer 8

It committed developed countries to make an average 5.2 percent cut in their greenhouse gas emissions from a 1990 baseline

Question 9

globalization and environmental degradation

Answer 9

• has stimulated relocation of industry to the global south, caused urbanization, high consumption, and high emissions
• promoted the sharing of knowledge and the influential presence of NGOs

Question 10

Bonn 2017 meeting

Answer 10

develop rules and regulations for implementing Paris Agreement
- speed up reductions in emissions and hold parties to their goals and the Green Climate Fund

Question 11

COP26

Answer 11

• set the agenda
• co2 emissions
• future of coal as an energy source
• subsidies for fossil fuel industries
• funds for developing countries
• restoration of forces
• controlling methane emissions

Question 12

UNFCCC

Answer 12

envisaged the reduction of green house gas emissions and their removal by carbon sequestration

Question 13

cut emissions by…

Answer 13

1. emissions trading
2. joint implementation
3. clean development mechanism

Question 14

Copenhagen Acord

Answer 14

allowed countries to offer their contribution

Question 15

period of anthropocene

Answer 15

human activity shaping planet’s health

Question 16

examples of global cooperation

Answer 16

• rio declaration
• kyoto protocol
• paris agreement
• post-paris agreement