Kaplan: Immunology > Chapter 10: Immunizations > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Immunizations Flashcards

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1
Q

List some live viral vaccines recommended in the US? Also list some available in the US under special circumstances.

A
  • measles, mumps and rubella (MMR)
  • varicella zoster (VZV) (for both chicken pox and zoster (shingles)
  • rotavirus
  • influenza (flu mist)

available in the US but recommended only under special circumstances

  • polio (sabin)
  • smallpox
  • yellow fever
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2
Q

What are some non-attenuated live vaccines recommended in US? Explain.

A
  • adenovirus types 4 and 7 used by military
  • vaccine recipients are thus protected against adenovirus acquire by aerosol, which could otherwise produce pneumonia (this is the only example of a live non-attenuated vaccine that is used)
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3
Q

Describe killed vaccines.

A

utilize organisms that are killed so they can no longer replicate in the host

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4
Q

How is inactivation carried out in killed vaccines?

A

inactivated by chemicals rather than heat, as heat will often denature the immunogenic epitopes

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5
Q

What type of immunity is predominant in those with killed vaccines?

A

humoral immunity

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6
Q

What are some examples of killed (inactivated) vaccines?

A

rabies
influenza
polio (salk)
Hep A

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7
Q

What are toxoid vaccines made from?

A

inactivated exotoxins from toxigenic bacteria

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8
Q

Which does toxoid vaccines prevent? Disease or infection?

A

Prevents disease; not infection

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9
Q

Example of a toxoid vaccine.

A

DTaP

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10
Q

What are polysaccharide vaccines comprised of?

A

capsular polysaccharide found in many bacteria

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11
Q

What is the only immunoglobulin formed when an individual is given polysaccharide vaccines? Why?

A

IgM because of the inability of the polysaccharide to activate Th cells (which require protein to become activated)

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12
Q

Polysaccharide vaccines have largely been replaced by what types of vaccines?

A

conjugate vaccines

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13
Q

List some common polysaccharide vaccines.

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae, pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPSV23)

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14
Q

Describe the PPSV23 vaccine.

A

comprised of 23 capsular serotypes of the most invasive and common strains of S. pneumoniae

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15
Q

What is the indication for use of the PPSV23 vaccine?

A

in adults age > 65 or special circumstances i.e. splenectomy, COPD

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16
Q

Describe conjugate vaccines.

A

comprised of capsular polysaccharide conjugated to protein: this creates a T cell-dependent immune response with class switching

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17
Q

Give some examples of conjugate vaccines.

A
  • Haemophius influenzae type B (Hib)
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pneumoccocal conjugate (PCV13)
  • Neisseria meningitidis
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18
Q

What is the PCV13 comprised of?

A

13 capsular serotypes

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19
Q

Indiction for PCV13

A

indicated for use in infants

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20
Q

Describe component vaccines.

A
  • comprised of an immunodominant protein from the virus that is grown in yeast cells
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21
Q

Give an example of how the component vaccine for hep B works?

A

the gene coding for the HBsAg is inserted into yeast cells, which then releases this molecule into the culture medium; the molecule is then purified and used as the immunogen in the vaccine

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22
Q

Give examples of component vaccines.

A
  • HBV
  • Hep B surface ag
  • HPV
    -Quadrivalent vaccine with serotypes 6, 11, 16, and 18
    -9 valent vaccine (Gardasil 9) to prevent >90% of cancers, as opposed to the quadrivalent vaccine which can protect up to 70% of cancers; contains serotypes 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58
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23
Q

When can live attenuated virus vaccines be given to the neonate?

A

> 12 months

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24
Q

What is the only ab isotype useful in diagnosing infections in neonates?

A

IgM

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25
Understand this chart.
26
List some bacterial vaccines.
* C. diptheriae * B. pertussis * C. tetani * H. influenze * S. pneumoniae * N. meningitidis
27
DTaP stands for what?
C. dip., C tetani, acellular Pertussis vaccine
28
Initials for H. influenzae vaccine.
Hib
29
Initials for S. pneumonia vaccine.
PCV ( pediatric) or PPV (adults)
30
What are the initials for the N. meningitidis vaccine?
MCV-4
31
C. dip is what type of vaccine?
toxoid
32
B. pertussis is what type of vaccine?
toxoid plus filamentous hemagglutinin
33
C. tetani is what type of vaccine?
toxoid
34
H. influenzae is what type of vaccine?
capsular polysaccharide and protein
35
S. pneumoniae (PCV) is what type of vaccine?
13 capsular serotypes and protein
36
PPV is what type of vaccine?
23 capsular serotypes
37
MCV-4 is what type of vaccine?
4 capsular serotypes (Y, W-135, C, A) and protein
38
Initials for rotavirus vaccine?
RV
39
Initials for polio vaccine?
IPV, OPV
40
Initials for influenza vaccine?
IIV, LAIV
41
Initials for varicella zoster virus vaccine?
VAR
42
Initials for Hepatitis A vaccine?
HepA
43
Initials for Human papilloma virus vaccine.
HPV
44
Initials for Hep B virus vaccine?
HepB
45
MMR vaccine stands for what?
measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine
46
RV is what type of vaccine?
live
47
IPV is what type of vaccine?
killed (salk)
48
OPV is what type of vaccine?
live (sabin)
49
IIV is what type of vaccine?
inactivated (killed)
50
LAIV is what type of vaccine?
Live
51
VAR is what type of vaccine?
live
52
HepA is what type of vaccine?
inactivated (killed)
53
HPV is what type of vaccine?
component
54
HepB is what type of vaccine?
component
55
MMR is what type of vaccine?
live
56
What does TORCHeS (TORCH) infections stand for?
toxoplasmosis, other (gonorrhea, HIV, parvovirus, varicella) ,Rubella, CMV, HSV, Syphillus
57
What are the vaccines that should be given at 2 months and what is the acronym to remember them?
2B DR HIP (2 doses Hep B (1st @ birth), DTaP, rotavirus, haemophilus influenzae, inactivated polio, pneumococcal
58
What are the vaccines that should be given at 4 months and the acronym to remember them?
4 DR HIP DTaP, rotavirus, haemophilus influenza B, IPV, pneumococcal
59
What are the vaccines to be given at 6 months?
B DR HIP In 6 months. Hep B, DTaP, rotavirus, haemophilus influenza (B?), IPV, pneumococcal, influenza
60
What are the vaccines to give children 12 - 15 months? Also acronym to remember?
1 Very MAD HIPster VZV, MMR, Hep A, DTaP, Hib, IPV, pneumococcal
61
What are the vaccines to give children 4-6 years of age?
Very DIM between 4-6pm. VZV, DTaP, IPV, MMR
Kaplan: Immunology
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