CHAPTER 10- INTELLIGENCE

Question 1

What is Intelligence?

Answer 1

The ability to solve novel problems and learn from experience

Question 2

What are the 4 questions asked about Intelligence?

Answer 2

1. How can it be measured?
2. What is it?
3. Where does it come from?
4. Why are some people more intelligent than others?

Question 3

Q1. How Can Intelligence Be Measured?

Answer 3

There are at least 3 different types of tests of mental abilities; only one is a test of intelligence

Question 4

What are the 3 types of tests of mental abilities?

Answer 4

• Intelligence
• Aptitude
• Achievement

Question 5

What is the Intelligence Tests?

Answer 5

Samples multiple mental abilites
Example: WAIS has 10 subtests

Question 6

What is the Aptitude Test?

Answer 6

Predicts future performance or most likely to succeed + predicts the ability to learn
Example: SAT measures verbal & math

Question 7

What is Achievement Tests?

Answer 7

It assesses what a person has learned; “Did you achieve what you were supposed to achieve”
Example: reading at a grade 9 level

Question 8

What are the 3 Principles of Test Construction?

Answer 8

1. Standardization
   - to obtain an average score for a large representative sample (ex. obtain norms)
2. Reliability
   - refers to consistency
   - the test must yield similar scores each time it is given
3. Validity
   - refers to accuracy
   - the test must actually measure what it claims to measure

Question 9

What is the Flynn Effect?

Answer 9

• Flynn was the researcher who noticed that there is evidence that intelligence has been increasing over generations, not decreasing
• refers to the fact that the average IQ score today is higher than it was a century ago- this is due to imporved nutrition, schooling, and parenting

Question 10

How is Reliability and Validity measured?

Answer 10

• is measured with a correlation coefficient (r)

Question 11

what is Reliability?

Answer 11

• includes test-retest method + split-half method

Question 12

what is the Test-retest method?

Answer 12

• is a method of reliability
• it uses correlation (-1 to +1)

Question 13

what is Validity?

Answer 13

• criterion
• uses 2 methods of validity: content validity + predictive validity

Question 14

what is criterion?

Answer 14

a behaviour the test is trying to measure or predict
(ex. driving, GPA)

Question 15

what is Content Validity?

Answer 15

• is a method of validity
• how well the test samples the criterion

Question 16

what is predictive Validity?

Answer 16

• is a method of validity
• how well the test predicts the criterion
  (SAT r GPA)

Question 17

what is the relationship between reliability and validity? can a test be reliable but not valid? can a test be valid but not reliable?

Answer 17

The relationship:
: validity requires reliability, but reliability does not require validity

can a test be reliable but not valid:
- yes, a 50 meter dash is not a valid measure of I.Q. but test-retest r is high

can a test be valid but not reliable?
- no, if a test is not reliable it can’t be measuring anything with accuracy

Question 18

Why did the nation’s average SAT scores drop in the ’60s-‘70s in the USA?

Answer 18

• because they failed to re-standardize the SAT
• people who take the SAT, all individually vary to those compared who took it years ago
• this is because populations change overtime

Question 19

Why were intelligence test originally created?

Answer 19

• They were created by Alfred Binet and William Stern to detect children who were struggling in school in France
• they assembled a test to measure the child’s aptitude of learning

Question 20

What is the difference between Ratio IQ and deviation IQ?

Answer 20

Ratio IQ:
- a metric obtained by dividing a child;s mental age by the child’s physical age and then multiplying the quotient by 100
Deviation IQ:
- is a metric obtained by dividing a person’s test score by the average test score for people that age and then multiplying the quotient by 100

Question 21

What is the most widely use modern test of intelligence (WAIS)?

Answer 21

• the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, developed by David Wechsler
• it measures intelligence by asking people to answer questions and solve problems

Question 22

What is Factor Analysis?

Answer 22

is a term to describe a set of statistical method that is used to evaluate relationships among a set of observed relationships

Question 23

What are Spearman’s g and s?

Answer 23

Spearman’s factor analysis found:
1. ALL mental abilities correlate to some degree; general cognitive ability (implies g)
2. but some correlated more than others; specific abilities (implies s)
- therefore he proposed a two-factory theory of intelligence

Question 24

What is Spearman’s Two Factor Theory?

Answer 24

• suggests that a person’s performance on a test is due to a combination of general cognitive ability and specific abilities that are unique to the test
• success at a task requires both: general intelligence and specific skills

Question 25

What is Thurstone’s Primary Mental Abilities?

Answer 25

- he noticed that the correlation between performances on different tests were all positive, they were much stronger when the tests has something in common - In contrary to Spearman’s claims, there was no general ability called intelligence, but there are primary mental abilities (some abilities are more important than g)

Question 26

What are the levels of the Three-Level Hierarchy of Intelligence?

Answer 26

- Top: general factor (general intelligence) - Middle: group factors (middle level abilities) - Bottom: specific factors (specific abilities)

Question 27

What is the difference between crystalized intelligence and Fluid Intelligence?

Answer 27

Crystalized intelligence: - is the ability to apply knowledge that was acquired through experience Fluid Intelligence: - is the ability to solve and reason about novel problems

Question 28

What is Sternberg’s 3 types of intelligence?

Answer 28

1. analytic intelligence: - the ability to identify and define problems + find strategies to solve them 2. creative intelligence: - the ability to generate solutions that other people do not 3. practical intelligence: - the ability to implement these solutions in everyday settings

Question 29

What is Salovey’s emotional intelligence?

Answer 29

- is the ability to reason about emotions and to use emotions to enhance reasoning

Question 30

What are the cultural difference in how intelligence is conceptualized?

Answer 30

- in some cases Westerners tend to regard people as intelligent when they speak up + quickly; but Africans tend to regard people as intelligent when they are deliberative and quiet - non-western societies conceive of intelligence as including social responsibility and cooperativeness

Question 31

What is the Heritability of intelligence and wealth/poverty

Answer 31

The Heritability of Intelligence: - high-income: 0.72 - better environment, so the difference in their Iq scores may be due to their genes - low-income: 0.10 - low environment, so the differences in IQ scores can be due to their environment and genes

Question 32

What is the Heritability of intelligence and age?

Answer 32

- the heritability of intelligence is higher among adults than in children Why? - older people are more similar than the environments of younger people therefore what differs between them is their genes

Question 33

What is the difference between shared and non-shared environment?

Answer 33

Shared environment: - refers to the features of the environment that are experienced by all relevant members of a household Non-shared Household: - refers to features of the environment that are not experienced by all relevant members of a household

Question 34

What is the correlation between SES and IQ

Answer 34

- studies suggest that being raised in a high SES (socioeconomic status) than a low SES is between 12-18 IQ points - being in a high SES can raise their IQ because of their wealthier environment

Question 35

What is the correlation between education and intelligence?

Answer 35

- smart people tend to stay in school, or staying in school will make people smart - studies show that education can raise a person’s IQ by 1 to 5 points

Question 36

What. is the complex relationship between genes and the environment?

Answer 36

- both influence intelligence, but they interact in complicated ways: - genes come from parents, but the environment can turn a gene on + cause it to express itself (epigenetics) - genes can cause a person to select certain environments, which then affects IQ

Question 37

what is the correlation between sex differences and intelligence?

Answer 37

- though males and females have the same average IQ, males IQ scores are wider and more variable than females - this could be due to they differences in how they socialize or innate biological differences