Chapter 10 - Life Span Development

Question 1

By definition, infancy begins at:
A) birth.
B) 1 month of age.
C) 12 months of age.
D) 18 months of age.

Answer 1

B) 1 month of age.

Question 2

At birth, a pulse rate of up to ____ beats/min and a respiratory rate of up to ____ breaths/min are considered normal.
A) 140, 40
B) 160, 50
C) 180, 60
D) 200, 70

Answer 2

C) 180, 60

Question 3

By the age of 1 year, an infant’s tidal volume ranges from:
A) 6 to 8 mL/kg.
B) 8 to 10 mL/kg.
C) 10 to 12 mL/kg.
D) 10 to 15 mL/kg.

Answer 3

D) 10 to 15 mL/kg.

Question 4

What is the systolic blood pressure range for a child between the ages of 1 month and 1 year?
A) 50 to 70 mm Hg
B) 70 to 95 mm Hg
C) 80 to 100 mm Hg
D) 90 to 110 mm Hg

Answer 4

B) 70 to 95 mm Hg

Question 5

Which of the following vital signs is NOT consistent with that of a child between 1 and 3 years of age?
A) Heart rate of 80 beats/min
B) Systolic BP of 90 mm Hg
C) Body temperature of 99.2°F
D) Respiratory rate of 25 breaths/min

Answer 5

A) Heart rate of 80 beats/min

Question 6

Infants are referred to as belly breathers because:
A) their rib cages are more rigid than an adult’s.
B) their intercostal muscles are not innervated.
C) they rely mostly on their diaphragm to breathe.
D) their ribs are not fully attached to the sternum.

Answer 6

C) they rely mostly on their diaphragm to breathe.

Question 7

Barotrauma secondary to bag-mask ventilations in an infant means that your ventilations:
A) were too forceful.
B) caused gastric distention.
C) were too slow for the infant’s age.
D) did not produce visible chest rise.

Answer 7

A) were too forceful.

Question 8

For the first year of life, an infant has naturally acquired passive immunities because:
A) vaccinations are given within the first year of life.
B) he or she receives antibodies through breastfeeding.
C) he or she is producing antibodies exponentially.
D) he or she maintains some of the mother’s immunities.

Answer 8

D) he or she maintains some of the mother’s immunities.

Question 9

The _________ reflex happens when an infant is startled and opens his or her arms wide.
A) vagal
B) moro
C) palmar
D) rooting

Answer 9

B) moro

Question 10

An infant’s fontanelles are typically fused together by the age of:
A) 12 months.
B) 18 months.
C) 24 months.
D) 36 months.

Answer 10

B) 18 months.

Question 11

The circadian rhythm refers to a person’s:
A) bowel habits.
B) breathing pattern.
C) sleep pattern.
D) feeding habits.

Answer 11

C) sleep pattern.

Question 12

At 2 months of age, an infant should be able to:
A) track objects with his or her eyes.
B) differentiate family from strangers.
C) respond when his or her name is called.
D) sit upright in a chair unassisted.

Answer 12

A) track objects with his or her eyes.

Question 13

In most infants, the primary method of communicating distress is:
A) crying.
B) incontinence.
C) tachypnea.
D) somnolence.

Answer 13

A) crying.

Question 14

Anxious avoidant attachment is observed in infants who are repeatedly:
A) hugged.
B) punished.
C) carried.
D) rejected.

Answer 14

D) rejected.

Question 15

In contrast to infants, toddlers:
A) gain weight at a faster rate.
B) have a slower respiratory rate.
C) have a slightly higher pulse rate.
D) have a lower systolic blood pressure.

Answer 15

B) have a slower respiratory rate.

Question 16

Upper respiratory tract infections are more common in toddlers than in infants because:
A) they put things in their mouths.
B) they do not produce antibodies.
C) of a loss of passive immunity.
D) they are exposed to other children.

Answer 16

C) of a loss of passive immunity.

Question 17

Teething is commonly accompanied by:
A) a rash.
B) fever.
C) diarrhea.
D) ear infections.

Answer 17

B) fever.

Question 18

In what age range can most children begin to use and understand full sentences?
A) 2 to 3 years
B) 3 to 4 years
C) 4 to 5 years
D) 5 to 6 years

Answer 18

B) 3 to 4 years

Question 19

All of the following physical changes occur in school-age children, EXCEPT:
A) their vital signs become the same as adults’.
B) their height, on average, increases 2 ½ per year.
C) they develop permanent teeth.
D) their weight, on average, increases 2 kg per year.

Answer 19

A) their vital signs become the same as adults’.

Question 20

In conventional reasoning, school-age children:
A) act almost purely to avoid punishment.
B) make decisions guided by their consciences.
C) act out so that they can get what they want.
D) seek approval from their peers and society.

Answer 20

D) seek approval from their peers and society.

Question 21

The pulse rate of a 16-year-old adolescent typically ranges between:
A) 60 and 80 beats/min.
B) 60 and 100 beats/min.
C) 80 and 110 beats/min.
D) 90 and 120 beats/min.

Answer 21

B) 60 and 100 beats/min.

Question 22

Which of the following statements regarding growth spurts in adolescents is correct?
A) Girls typically experience a growth spurt later in life than boys do.
B) Blood volume typically remains unchanged during a growth spurt.
C) Boys generally experience this stage of growth later in life than girls do.
D) When this period of growth has finished, girls are generally taller than boys.

Answer 22

C) Boys generally experience this stage of growth later in life than girls do.

Question 23

Which of the following psychosocial changes is common during adolescence?
A) Openness in speaking about personal issues
B) Fixation on public image and fear of embarrassment
C) A decreased risk for depression or suicidal behavior
D) Code of ethics development based solely on parental values

Answer 23

B) Fixation on public image and fear of embarrassment

Question 24

Which of the following physical changes occurs in adults over 25 years of age?
A) Settling of the disks in the spine
B) Hyperactivity of the reflexes
C) An increase in muscle strength
D) A decrease in the body’s fatty tissue

Answer 24

A) Settling of the disks in the spine

Question 25

In general, normal psychosocial factors that affect the life of a 35-year-old person include all of the following, EXCEPT: A) work. B) stress. C) family. D) anxiety.

Answer 25

D) anxiety.

Question 26

Patients between 41 and 60 years of age are LEAST susceptible to: A) acute immunosuppression. B) vision and hearing loss. C) various types of cancer. D) cardiovascular disease.

Answer 26

A) acute immunosuppression.

Question 27

Which of the following statements regarding middle adults is correct? A) Middle adults focus less on achieving their life's goals because of “empty nest” syndrome. B) Menopause in middle adult females causes an overall increase in bone density. C) Middle adults view crisis as a challenge to be overcome rather than a threat to be avoided. D) Middle adult males are at greater risk for cardiovascular disease than middle adult females.

Answer 27

C) Middle adults view crisis as a challenge to be overcome rather than a threat to be avoided.

Question 28

Which of the following factors typically does NOT affect the vital signs of a 65-year-old patient? A) Overall health B) Living conditions C) Medications taken D) Past medical history

Answer 28

B) Living conditions

Question 29

The decline in cardiac function associated with aging is largely related to: A) hypotension. B) bradycardia. C) atherosclerosis. D) rheumatic heart disease.

Answer 29

C) atherosclerosis.

Question 30

As a result of the increase in diastolic blood pressure associated with aging: A) the heart valves become stiff and impede blood flow through the heart. B) the left ventricle works harder, becomes thicker, and loses its elasticity. C) cardiac output progressively increases secondary to decreased afterload. D) the ventricles overfill with blood, resulting in chronic congestive heart failure.

Answer 30

B) the left ventricle works harder, becomes thicker, and loses its elasticity.

Question 31

Vascular compensation for changes in blood pressure decreases with age due to: A) a 60% to 70% decrease in sympathetic nervous system stimulation and catecholamine release. B) a marked reduction in renal function with increased sodium reabsorption in the renal tubules. C) left ventricular hypertrophy and the subsequent decrease in cardiac output that it causes. D) reduced elasticity of the peripheral vessels secondary to decreases in elastin and collagen.

Answer 31

D) reduced elasticity of the peripheral vessels secondary to decreases in elastin and collagen.

Question 32

In late adults, the size of the airway __________ and the surface area of the alveoli ___________. A) increases, decreases B) decreases, decreases C) decreases, increases D) increases, increases

Answer 32

A) increases, decreases

Question 33

Relative to younger adults, older adults generally have a harder time breathing because the: A) natural elasticity of the lungs decreases. B) diaphragm ascends much higher into the thorax. C) rib cage becomes flexible due to hypocalcemia. D) phrenic nerves send fewer signals to the diaphragm.

Answer 33

A) natural elasticity of the lungs decreases.

Question 34

As the smooth muscles of the lower airway weaken with age: A) the alveoli in the lungs expand widely during deep inhalation, causing them to rupture. B) the person is predisposed to aspiration of mucus or other secretions during normal breathing. C) strong inhalation can collapse the walls of the airway, resulting in inspiratory wheezing. D) beta-agonistic bronchodilators become an ineffective treatment for acute bronchospasm.

Answer 34

C) strong inhalation can collapse the walls of the airway, resulting in inspiratory wheezing.

Question 35

You would MOST likely see an increased end-tidal CO2 reading in an otherwise healthy older adult because: A) the vital capacity in late adulthood amounts to only 20% of the vital capacity noted in young adulthood. B) residual volume increases with age, resulting in stagnant air remaining in the alveoli and hampering gas exchange. C) many older adults experience idiopathic atrophy of the diaphragm and are unable to breathe in adequate tidal volumes. D) as respiratory muscle mass increases with age, the older adult experiences increasing difficulty with inspiration and expiration.

Answer 35

B) residual volume increases with age, resulting in stagnant air remaining in the alveoli and hampering gas exchange.

Question 36

Which of the following statements regarding renal function in older adults is correct? A) Renal filtration begins to deteriorate at the age of 70 years. B) In older adults, renal changes are more structural than functional. C) Aging kidneys respond less efficiently to hemodynamic stress. D) A 20-year-old patient has already experienced a 10% loss of nephrons.

Answer 36

C) Aging kidneys respond less efficiently to hemodynamic stress.

Question 37

Which of the following statements regarding nervous system function in the older adult is correct? A) By the age of 80 years, the size of the brain has decreased by 30% to 40%. B) Although a loss of neurons occurs, the remaining neurons increase in function. C) Synapses in the frontal lobe of the brain are the only ones that do not deteriorate. D) Cerebral metabolism and oxygen consumption remain constant throughout life.

Answer 37

D) Cerebral metabolism and oxygen consumption remain constant throughout life.

Question 38

Older adults are prone to subdural hematomas because: A) age-related shrinkage of the brain stretches the bridging veins that return blood from the brain to the dura mater. B) older adults experience an increase in intracranial blood flow as well as a predisposition to falls. C) excessive alcohol use, which is very common in older adults, causes the brain to atrophy prematurely. D) age-related hypertension weakens the cerebral veins, which predisposes them to damage from even minor trauma.

Answer 38

A) age-related shrinkage of the brain stretches the bridging veins that return blood from the brain to the dura mater.

Question 39

When assessing an older adult's pupils and ocular movements, you should recall that: A) visual impairment is four times more common than loss of hearing in older adults. B) the pupils are generally larger in older adults and are commonly asymmetric in size. C) older adults experience decreased sensitivity to glare and widened peripheral vision. D) it is not uncommon for lens deterioration to cause the pupils to be sluggish to react.

Answer 39

D) it is not uncommon for lens deterioration to cause the pupils to be sluggish to react.

Question 40

According to the terminal drop hypothesis: A) Alzheimer's disease commonly develops after the death of a loved one. B) mental function is presumed to decline in the 5 years preceding death. C) most adults over 70 years of age are willing to give up their independence. D) late-stage adults retain high brain function until about 5 years before death.

Answer 40

B) mental function is presumed to decline in the 5 years preceding death.