Chapter 10:Memory

Question 1

Define Memory:

Answer 1

The ability to store and retrieve information over time

Question 2

Define Storage:

Answer 2

Process of maintaining information in memory over time

Question 3

Define Encoding:

Answer 3

Process by which we transform what we perceive, think,or feel into an enduring memory

Question 4

Define Retrieval:

Answer 4

Retrieval: Process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

Question 5

Explicit Memory:

Answer 5

Act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences

Question 6

Implicit Memory

Answer 6

Implicit Memory: Influence of past experiences on later behaviour and performance, even though people aren’t trying to recollect them & are not aware that they are remembering them.

Question 7

Declarative Memory:

Answer 7

Facts and events

Question 8

Procedural Memory:

Answer 8

Procedural Memory: Gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or “knowing how to do things”

Question 9

Stages of Memory:

Answer 9

1. Sensory Register:Place in which sensory information is kept for a few seconds or less (also: Echoic memory)
2. Short Term Storage (working memory): Place where non-sensory information is kept for more than a few seconds but less than a minute
   Rehearsal: process of keeping information in short-term memory by repeating it mentally
   Chunking: combining small pieces of info into larger chunks or clusters
   “Working Memory”: the process of actively maintaining information in short-term storage (Sh-T. Mem. more than passive holding place)
3. Long Term Storage: Place where information can be kept for hours, days, weeks, or years

Question 10

3 Types of Long Term Memory

Answer 10

• Episodic Memory: Collection of past personal experiences at particular times and places.
• Semantic Memory: Facts & concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world
• Priming: Enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus

Question 11

Visual Imagery Encoding:

Answer 11

Visual Imagery Encoding: Process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures

Question 12

Organizational Encoding:

Answer 12

Act of categorizing information by noticing relationships among a series of items

Question 13

Elaborative Encoding:

Answer 13

Elaborative Encoding: Process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory
Semantic, rhyme, and visual judgments (Craig & Tulving 1975)
“Deep” Processing (Craig and Lockhart, 1972)

Question 14

Memory Encoding

Answer 14

Visual Imagery, organization, elaborative

Question 15

Memory Retrieval

Answer 15

• Retrieval Cues: External information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind
• Encoding Specificity Principle: Idea that a retrieval cue can serve as effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded
• State-Dependent Retrieval: Tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

Question 16

5 Mechanisms of Forgetting:

Answer 16

Decay, Replacement, Interference, Cue-dependent Forgetting, Repression

Question 17

Memory Improvement

Answer 17

• Elaborative Rehearsal: While you are memorizing an item, try to elaborate on the material to enrich the encoding
• Mnemonics: e.g., imagine grocery items by imagining them in a spatial arrangement (rooms of your home)
• Meta-memory: if you don’t remember clearly, trust your instincts . . .