Chapter 10 - Plantations

Question 1

When did the English first come to Ireland?

Answer 1

1167

Question 2

How did the pale differ from the rest of the country?

Answer 2

• they spoke the english instead of Gaelic Irish
• they practiced tillage farming instead of raising cattle and sheep
• they were ruled by english common law instead of irish brehon law
• they were loyal to the King of england instead of the local lord of chieftain

Question 3

What is tillage farming?

Answer 3

Growing crops

Question 4

What were the most important old english families?

Answer 4

• The Fitzgeralds of Kildare
• The Fitzgeralds of Desmond
• The Butlers of Ormond

Question 5

What was Desmond?

Answer 5

Modern munster

Question 6

What was ormand?

Answer 6

Modern tipperary and kilkenny

Question 7

Why did england want to do plantations in Ireland?

Answer 7

Because they thought wars were too expensive, they hated the thought of paying for a war, winning it, then having to go back again in a few years and pay for another war

Question 8

What was the idea behind ‘Surrender and Regrant’ ?

Answer 8

If Old English Lords and Irish Chieftains surrendered their lands and swore an oath of alliegiance to King Henry VIII then he would regrant them their lands and award them english titles such as ‘Lord’ ‘Earl’ and ‘Baron’

Question 9

Why did the idea behind surrender and regrant not work?

Answer 9

It failed to extend English Law outside the Pale

Question 10

Definition of plantation

Answer 10

The idea and practice of removing disloyal people from an area and replacing them with loyal subjects who would obey the goverment

Question 11

How did ‘Surrender and Regrant’ weaken the power of the gaelic clans?

Answer 11

Many fought over the english tradition which said that the Lords eldest son should get all his land which went against traditional brehon law.

Question 12

Who led the raids in the pale?

Answer 12

The O’Mores of Laois and the O’Connors of Offaly

Question 13

What did gaelic families do when not conducting raids?

Answer 13

They charged the residants a black rent

Question 14

What was the black rent?

Answer 14

It was protection money paid by residents of the pale to gaelic families

Question 15

When did ‘The O’Connor’ surrender his lands?

Answer 15

To Henery VIII in 1540

Question 16

What were two fortresses that were built by the english?

Answer 16

Marybourough and Philipstown

Question 17

What were the rules of the Laois-Offaly plantation?

Answer 17

The planters had to…
•use English farming practices
•employ only loyal subjects as servants or labourers
•be prepared to defend themselves in a attack
•under no circumstances rent land to the Gaelic Irish who had been driven from the land
•maintain new roads that had been built in the counties

Question 18

Why was the Laois-Offaly plantation a fail?

Answer 18

• the idea of the plantation was to save money, the english didn’t want to pay to keep an army to protect the settlers from the Irish. Because of this the settlers had no real protection
• the idea of coming to live in the wilds of Ireland did not attract many people, out of 88 plants only 15 were from england
• so few english settlers were availible the english were forced to employ the Irish as servants
• Queen Mary died in 1558 and Queen Elizebeth, her sister, was too busy trying to remain in power to care about the Irish

Question 19

Why did Elizabeth not trust catholics?

Answer 19

She felt there were more loyal to the pope than her

Question 20

Why did the Fitzgeralds of Desmond rebel against Elizabeth?

Answer 20

• they were loyal catholics and would not be forced into becoming Protestant
• they had ruled muster for centuries and were not going to give up their land easily

Question 21

Who were ‘adventurers’?

Answer 21

They were english gentlemen who claimed to be descended from the original norman knights who came to Ireland with Strongbow

Question 22

Who were some examples of ‘adventurers’?

Answer 22

• Sir Richard Boyle
• Sir Valentine Brown
• Sir Philip Percivall

Question 23

Who was Queen Elizabeths favourite ‘adventurer’?

Answer 23

Sir Walter Raleigh

Question 24

What did Queen Elizabeth encourage the ‘adventurers’ to do?

Answer 24

To go to munster and claim what was ‘rightfully theirs’

Question 25

When did the Desmond rebellion begin and how long did it last for?

Answer 25

In 1579 and it lasted for 4 years

Question 26

Who ordered the munster plantation?

Answer 26

Queen Elizebeth I

Question 27

How many estates was The Desmond Land divided into?

Answer 27

35

Question 28

How big were the estates in the Munster Plantation?

Answer 28

5000-10000 acres

Question 29

Who was the land granted to in the muster plantation?

Answer 29

The land was granted to Loyal subjects of the Queen like Sir Walter Raleigh and Edmund Spencer.

Question 30

Why were planters called undertakers?

Answer 30

They were called undertakers because they undertook, promised, to keep the rules of the plantation

Question 31

Why was the munster plantation a fail yet a success?

Answer 31

Failures •the estates were too large to control •there were not enough english settlers to employ and the Irish worked for a lot less money Sucesses •english farming practices took hold and became common •the new plantation towns grew and propspered and are still major towns today •A strong protestant population remained in munster and were loyal to the crown for the next few centuries

Question 32

What towns were built during the munster plantation?

Answer 32

* Mallow * Killarney * Bandon

Question 33

When did The Nine Years War begin?

Answer 33

In 1594

Question 34

Who led the Nine Years war?

Answer 34

Earl of Tyrone, Hugh O'Neill

Question 35

Why did the Spanish want to help the Irish?

Answer 35

They were catholic and hated King Philip II hated Queen Elizebeth

Question 36

When did the spanish arrive at Ireland?

Answer 36

In december 1601

Question 37

Where did the spanish arrive in Ireland and what was the problem?

Answer 37

They arrived in Kinsale Co. Cork, hundreds of miles away from the O'Neill stronghold

Question 38

Why did the english defeat the irish so easily in the battle of Kinsale?

Answer 38

The Irish had travelled hundreds of miles to meet the spanish and were exhausted

Question 39

When did O'Neill surrender?

Answer 39

1603

Question 40

What was the treaty that ended the nine year war?

Answer 40

The Treaty of Mellifont

Question 41

What were the terms of the treaty of Mellifont?

Answer 41

O'Neill was allowed to keep control of his lands as long as he agreed to accept English law

Question 42

When did 'The flight of the earls occur'?

Answer 42

In 1607

Question 43

Why did the Irish Lords leave Ireland?

Answer 43

They found it impossible to live under english law

Question 44

Where did most of the Irish Lords go after the flight of the Earls?

Answer 44

To Rome, where they were given assistance by the pope

Question 45

How is the success of the Ulster plantation evident today?

Answer 45

A large population of unionists live in Northern Ireland at present day, and they identify as british which was exactly what James I wanted

Question 46

Who ordered the Ulster plantation?

Answer 46

King James I

Question 47

Why was the Ulster plantation more of a success than the other plantations?

Answer 47

They learnt from their mistakes with the Laois-Offaly and Munster plantations

Question 48

What was the maximum amount of land given out in the Ulster plantion?

Answer 48

2000 acres

Question 49

Why were giving servitors land a good idea?

Answer 49

Servitors were british soldiers and were tough meaning they wouldn't be driven away easily

Question 50

What were tories?

Answer 50

Tories were people the english deemed unloyal and they lived as outlaws

Question 51

Why were the scottish people who came over tough?

Answer 51

They were presbyterians and hated catholics

Question 52

What were bawns?

Answer 52

Bawns were stone-walled defensive enclosures

Question 53

What farming practices did the irish use before the plantations?

Answer 53

Pastoral farming, keeping cattle and sheep

Question 54

What farming methods did settlers use after the ulster plantation?

Answer 54

Arable farminf

Question 55

Why did the industrial revolution come to northern Ireland only?

Answer 55

The soil in Ulster was particulary suited to growing flax, which was used to make linen

Question 56

How many protestants actually died in the ulster rebellion in 1641 vs how many did the english think died?

Answer 56

4,000 vs 100,000

Question 57

Who was Oliver Cromwell?

Answer 57

Oliver Cromwell was a radical protestent

Question 58

Who were cavaliers?

Answer 58

Cavaliers were those loyal to the king (King Charles I)

Question 59

Who were roundheads?

Answer 59

Those loyal to the parliment

Question 60

Who was on opposite sides in the english civil war?

Answer 60

Roundheads and cavaliers

Question 61

When was the english civil war won?

Answer 61

In 1649

Question 62

Who won the civil war?

Answer 62

The roundheads (parliment) won thanks to Oliver Cromwell and the new model army

Question 63

Why did Oliver Cromwell and The New Model Army come to Ireland?

Answer 63

They heard reports and the irish catholics were hurting the protestants

Question 64

What was the key aim of the cromwellian plantation?

Answer 64

To remove land from catholic hands

Question 65

Who was land given to in the cromwellian plantation?

Answer 65

* soldiers who served in the New Model Army * adventurers * people who lent the parliment money during the civil war

Question 66

What was the 'Act Of Settlement'?

Answer 66

It consficated rebel lands

Question 67

What happened to catholic priests in the cromwellian plantation?

Answer 67

They were either excecuted or sold as slaves