Chapter 10 Pt.2

Question 1

Amedi and coworkers

Answer 1

• Deactivation of non-visual areas of the brain (hearing, touch)
• mental images are more fragile, less activation keeps other things from interfering

Question 2

Amedi and coworkers experimental design and results

Answer 2

• visual imagery
• scrambled imagery
• visual objects

A1: auditory area, temporal lobe (produces de activation for visual imagery)

V1: back of brain shows that perception is stronger than visual imagery at back of brain

Question 3

Johnson-Johnson multi voxel analysis

Answer 3

Training: classifying voxel patterns to images that participants look at (perception): 63%

Test: ask participants to visualize image. Classifier uses exact same algorithm developed in training. Computer is able to classify the image with accuracy of 55%

Suggests that imagery voxel pattern is similar to perception

Question 4

Kosslyn and coworkers experiment with TMS

Answer 4

TMS was presented to visual cortex and another cortex during perception and imagery

Perception task: out of these four images with lines, which is the longest

Imagery task: give them picture then take away and ask them to imagine it and determine which was longer

Result time slower for both when TMS applied. Suggests that brain activity in visual area of brain plays a causal role for both perception and imagery

Question 5

What result supports the idea that visual cortex is important for imagery

Answer 5

• removing part of the visual cortex (occipital area) reduced the size of field of view
• decreases walking distance to image in mental walk task (longer distance to image)

Went from 15 feet to 35 feet

Question 6

Unilateral (spatial) neglect

Answer 6

Patient ignores objects in one half of visual field in perception and imagery

Usually damage to parietal area (can’t see left part-think map)

Question 7

Guariglia and coworkers

Answer 7

Found that frontal lobe damage left patients perceptions in tact but mental images were not

Question 8

R.M.

Answer 8

• damage to occipital and parietal lobes
• could draw accurate pictures of objects in front of him (perception)
• could not draw accurate pictures of objects from memory (using imagery) and could not answer questions based on imagery

Question 9

C.K. (Visual agnosia)

Answer 9

• can’t name objects in pictures, even from his own drawings
• could draw objects in great detail from memory (using imagery) if the names were given verbally
• could compare sizes and describe colours of objects (letter H experiment)

Question 10

What do the results for neuropsychological studies suggest

Answer 10

Shows a Double dissociation between perception and imagery

Indicates separate mechanisms, also evidence though for shared mechanisms

Question 11

Behrmann and coworkers

Answer 11

• mechanisms partially overlap
• visual perception is bottom up process (located at lower and higher visual centres)
• visual imagery is top down process (located at higher visual centres)

Explains C.K. And R.M. But not M.G.S (mental walk)

Question 12

Differences in experience

Answer 12

Perception is automatic and stable

Imagery takes effort and is fragile

Question 13

Chalmers and Resiberg (bunny/duck)

Answer 13

• had participants create mental image of ambiguous figures

- difficult to flip from one perception to another while holding mental image of it (duck/bunny)

Question 14

Imagery to improve memory

Answer 14

1. Method of loci

2. Pegword technique (rhyming, association and vivid image)

Question 15

Coglab: Link word method

Answer 15

-interactive imagery between two concepts causes one item to become an excellent cue for retrieving the second item (need to study image for 10 seconds)

Think goat on chevy

The French word served as a good cue for the image and the image serves as a link to the English meaning

Question 16

Individual differences in visual imagery

Answer 16

Spatial imagery people are better at mental rotation (paper folding and then pierce hole through it)

Object imagery people better in degraded picture task

Question 17

VVIQ

Answer 17

Vividness of visual imagery questionnaire

Compared people with low spatial imagery to those with high. People with low spatial imagery did better on VVIQ task then those with high