Chapter 11

Question 1

1.  Approximately \_\_\_% of an adult male's weight is constituted by water.
A)  40
B)  50
C)  60
D)  70

Answer 1

C) 60

Question 2

2. Intracellular fluid:
   A) is the fluid that bathes the cells.
   B) transports red and white blood cells.
   C) is the water contained inside the cells.
   D) accounts for about 15% of body weight.

Answer 2

C) is the water contained inside the cells.

Question 3

3.  Cerebrospinal fluid and intraocular fluid are types of:
A)  plasma.
B)  interstitial fluid.
C)  intracellular fluid.
D)  intravascular fluid.

Answer 3

B) interstitial fluid.

Question 4

4.  In a 175-lb man, intravascular fluid accounts for approximately \_\_\_\_ lb.
A)  8
B)  9
C)  10
D)  12

Answer 4

A) 8

Question 5

5.  A composition of dissolved elements and water is called a(n):
A)  solute.
B)  solvent.
C)  solution.
D)  electrolyte.

Answer 5

C) solution.

Question 6

6. Solutes are defined as:
   A) atoms that carry an electrical charge.
   B) solutions that exclusively carry electrolytes.
   C) solutions that contain dissolved components.
   D) the dissolved particles contained in a solvent

Answer 6

D) the dissolved particles contained in a solvent

Question 7

7. Which of the following statements regarding electrolytes is correct?
   A) Electrolytes are nonreactive and relatively harmless if they are left to circulate in the body.
   B) Electrolytes are also called ions and dissociate into charged components when placed in water.
   C) Electrolytes help to regulate muscular contraction, but have no effect on cardiac function.
   D) Electrolyte charges are stabilized by blood so that they can aid in the body’s metabolic functions.

Answer 7

B) Electrolytes are also called ions and dissociate into charged components when placed in water.

Question 8

8.  Cations are electrolytes that have an overall \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ charge, and anions are electrolytes that have an overall \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ charge.
A)  negative, neutral
B)  positive, negative
C)  neutral, positive
D)  negative, positive

Answer 8

B) positive, negative

Question 9

9.  Major cations of the body include all of the following, EXCEPT:
A)  sodium.
B)  calcium.
C)  potassium.
D)  bicarbonate.

Answer 9

D) bicarbonate.

Question 10

10.  Which of the following electrolytes is NOT a cation?
A)  Chloride
B)  Calcium
C)  Potassium
D)  Magnesium

Answer 10

A) Chloride

Question 11

11. The milliequivalent (mEq) represents the chemical combining power of the ion and is based on the:
    A) percentage of sodium in a given electrolyte solution.
    B) ability to unite with an electrolyte with the same charge.
    C) number of available ionic charges in an electrolyte solution.
    D) ratio of positively and negatively charged ions.

Answer 11

C) number of available ionic charges in an electrolyte solution.

Question 12

12. Sodium is a ________ cation and can react completely with _______.
    A) monovalent, 1 mEq of a singly charged anion
    B) bivalent, 2 mEq of a doubly charged cation
    C) monovalent, 2 mEq of a singly charged anion
    D) bivalent, 1 mEq of a doubly charged cation

Answer 12

A) monovalent, 1 mEq of a singly charged anion

Question 13

13. Which of the following statements regarding calcium is correct?
    A) Calcium is needed for bone growth and proper blood clotting.
    B) Patients with ataxia should be suspected of being hypocalcemic.
    C) Calcium can react completely with 1 mEq of a singly charged anion.
    D) Abdominal cramps are a sign of an increased level of serum calcium.

Answer 13

A) Calcium is needed for bone growth and proper blood clotting.

Question 14

14.  The principal extracellular cation that regulates the distribution of water throughout the body is:
A)  calcium.
B)  sodium.
C)  chloride.
D)  phosphorus.

Answer 14

B) sodium.

Question 15

15. Potassium:
    A) helps stimulate the release of insulin.
    B) is found predominantly outside the cell.
    C) is a bivalent cation that tends to follow water.
    D) plays a major role in neuromuscular function.

Answer 15

D) plays a major role in neuromuscular function.

Question 16

16. Hyperkalemia would MOST likely result in:
    A) abnormal gastrointestinal function.
    B) decreased skeletal muscle function.
    C) hyperstimulation of neural cell transmission.
    D) severe bradycardia due to increased vagal tone.

Answer 16

C) hyperstimulation of neural cell transmission.

Question 17

17.  The primary buffer used in all circulating body fluids is:
A)  bicarbonate.
B)  phosphorus.
C)  potassium.
D)  magnesium.

Answer 17

A) bicarbonate.

Question 18

18.  The chemical sign for sodium bicarbonate is:
A)  NaCl.
B)  H2CO3.
C)  NaHCO3.
D)  KCl.

Answer 18

C) NaHCO3.

Question 19

19.  Which of the following electrolytes plays the MOST active role in metabolism?
A)  Potassium
B)  Magnesium
C)  Bicarbonate
D)  Phosphorus

Answer 19

B) Magnesium

Question 20

20.  The movement of compounds or charges across a cell membrane to an area of lower concentration is called:
A)  osmosis.
B)  diffusion.
C)  filtration.
D)  selective permeability.

Answer 20

B) diffusion.

Question 21

21.  The antidiuretic hormone (ADH) prevents the loss of water from the kidneys during the process of:
A)  osmosis.
B)  dialysis.
C)  diffusion.
D)  filtration.

Answer 21

D) filtration.

Question 22

22. Pumping sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell has the added benefit of:
    A) moving glucose into the cell at the same time.
    B) transiently decreasing serum levels of calcium.
    C) facilitating water reabsorption in the renal tubules.
    D) expending minimal levels of adenosine triphosphate.

Answer 22

A) moving glucose into the cell at the same time.

Question 23

23. Osmosis occurs when:
    A) water moves from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of lower solute concentration.
    B) solutes move from an area of lower water concentration to an area of higher water concentration.
    C) water moves from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
    D) solutes move from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration.

Answer 23

C) water moves from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

Question 24

24. The net effect of osmosis is to:
    A) balance the concentration of water on both sides of the cell wall.
    B) equalize solute concentrations on both sides of the cell membrane.
    C) utilize ATP to actively move solutes across the cell membrane.
    D) maintain a higher concentration of solutes outside of the cell.

Answer 24

B) equalize solute concentrations on both sides of the cell membrane.

Question 25

25. The tonicity of a solution is determined by the: A) velocity with which potassium ions shift outside of the cell and sodium ions shift inside the cell. B) permeability of the cell and the ability of sodium and potassium to actively move across its membrane. C) amount of antidiuretic hormone the body produces and the volume of water that is reabsorbed in the tubules of the kidneys. D) concentration of sodium in a solution and the movement of water in relation to the sodium levels inside and outside the cell.

Answer 25

D) concentration of sodium in a solution and the movement of water in relation to the sodium levels inside and outside the cell.

Question 26

``` 26. The internal environment's resistance to change is called: A) hemostasis. B) homeostasis. C) hypertonicity. D) hypotonicity. ```

Answer 26

B) homeostasis.

Question 27

``` 27. A healthy person loses approximately ___ to ___ liters of fluid daily through urine output, through exhalation, and through the skin. A) 0.5, 1 B) 1, 1.5 C) 2, 2.5 D) 3, 4 ```

Answer 27

C) 2, 2.5

Question 28

28. Which of the following statements regarding dehydration is correct? A) It is often a chronic condition in elderly patients and may take days to manifest. B) During early dehydration, a profound loss of interstitial fluid occurs in the body. C) In younger patients, dehydration is typically caused by an acute loss of more than 50 mL of blood. D) During dehydration, fluid shifts from the extracellular compartment to the intracellular compartment.

Answer 28

A) It is often a chronic condition in elderly patients and may take days to manifest.

Question 29

``` 29. Signs and symptoms of dehydration include all of the following, EXCEPT: A) bradypnea. B) flushed, dry skin. C) postural hypotension. D) dry mucous membranes. ```

Answer 29

A) bradypnea.

Question 30

30. Overhydration occurs when: A) a patient experiences prolonged periods of severe hyperventilation. B) the left side of the heart fails and blood backs up into the systemic circulation. C) the intracellular compartment becomes engorged due to a decrease in vascular volume. D) fluid is forced from the engorged interstitial compartment into the intracellular compartment.

Answer 30

D) fluid is forced from the engorged interstitial compartment into the intracellular compartment.

Question 31

``` 31. A common cause of overhydration is: A) hypertension. B) kidney failure. C) gastrointestinal drainage. D) prolonged hyperventilation. ```

Answer 31

B) kidney failure.

Question 32

``` 32. Signs and symptoms of overhydration include: A) edema. B) oliguria. C) weight loss. D) wheezing. ```

Answer 32

A) edema.

Question 33

33. IV fluids introduced into the circulatory system: A) are only effective if the patient is experiencing renal insufficiency. B) will always cause a fluid shift out of the intracellular compartment. C) can affect the tonicity of the extracellular fluid and can be harmful. D) usually do not cause a fluid shift into or out of the intracellular space.

Answer 33

C) can affect the tonicity of the extracellular fluid and can be harmful.

Question 34

34. Which of the following statements regarding isotonic solutions is correct? A) Isotonic solutions have almost the same osmolarity as bodily fluids. B) D5W becomes an isotonic solution once it is introduced into the body. C) Normal saline is the only isotonic solution used in the prehospital setting. D) Isotonic solutions expand the vascular space by shifting fluid from other compartments.

Answer 34

A) Isotonic solutions have almost the same osmolarity as bodily fluids.

Question 35

35. A solution of water with 0.9% sodium chloride is: A) hypotonic until it is introduced into the body. B) capable of carrying oxygen when it is infused. C) of minimal value in expanding the vascular space. D) also called normal saline and is an isotonic solution.

Answer 35

D) also called normal saline and is an isotonic solution.

Question 36

36. It is MOST important to exercise caution when administering isotonic solutions to patients with: A) hypotension and severe hypovolemia. B) hypertension and congestive heart failure. C) dehydration secondary to excessive diarrhea. D) a history of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Answer 36

B) hypertension and congestive heart failure.

Question 37

37. Lactated Ringer's (LR) solution should not be given to patients with liver problems because: A) LR is a hypertonic solution and cannot be metabolized by the liver. B) the lactate contained within LR can cause necrosis of the liver tissue. C) patients with liver disease commonly experience renal insufficiency. D) the liver cannot metabolize the lactate in the solution.

Answer 37

D) the liver cannot metabolize the lactate in the solution.

Question 38

38. Lactated Ringer's (LR) solution may be beneficial to patients who have lost large amounts of blood because: A) it takes less LR to effectively expand the intravascular compartment than any other isotonic solution. B) LR has the ability to carry oxygen and can maintain cellular perfusion until the patient receives definitive care. C) the lactate contained within LR is converted to bicarbonate in the liver and can help combat intracellular acidosis. D) the likelihood of causing acute circulatory overload is minimal relative to other hypertonic solutions.

Answer 38

C) the lactate contained within LR is converted to bicarbonate in the liver and can help combat intracellular acidosis.