What is emotion?
A subjective mental state that is usually accompanied by distinctive cognition, behaviors, and physiological changes
The physical sensations (i.e.,goosebumps, tingly, fluttering) are the result of activation of the autonomic nervous system:
- Sympathetic nervous system
- Parasympathetic nervous system
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
Fight-or-flight system that activates the body for action
What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
Prepares the body to relax and recuperate
What is the James-Lange Theory?
- Autonomic reaction triggers feeling
* Different emotions feels different because they are generated by different constellations of physiological responses
What is the Cannon-Brad theory?
- Simultaneous feeling and autonomic reaction
* Its the brains job to decide which particular emotion is an appropriate response to the stimuli
What is the Schanter’s theory?
Emotional labels are attributed to sensations of physiological arousal
* We use context to cognitively attribute specific emotions to arousal.
* The Schachter and Singer experiment showed that autonomic responses can intensify our emotions, but our cognitive analysis affects which emotion we experience
What does the polygraph test measures?
measures activation of the sympathetic nervous system reflecting stress, not lying; Such as changes in respiratory rate, heart rate, blood pressure, and skin conductance (a measure of sweating )
What does impartial research indicate about the accuracy of polygraph?
Accuracy is 65% and not 85-95%
What did Charles Darwin suggest?
certain expressions of emotions appear to be universal among people of all regions of the world (1872)
The similarity in facial expressions in human and nonhuman primates suggests a common ancestor
What did Redican describe in 1975?
Distinct facial expressions in nonhuman primates that appeared to signal emotional states; for example, chimpanzees show a play face, which may be homologous to the human laugh
What did emotions evolve to?
Seen as evolved preprogramming that helps us deal quickly and effectively with a wide variety of situations
* Responding to aversive situations (threat) with a fear program—improved survival
* Responding to positive situations (food, mating) with an appetitive program
What are the four basic pairs of opposite emotions (based on Plutchick)?
- Happiness/sadness
- Affection/disgust
- Anger/fear
- Expectation/surprise
What do cross cultural similarity not agree on?
The expressions of surprise and disgust
What does subtle cultural differences suggest?
That cultural conditioning enforces prescribed rules for facial expressions
What are facial expressions mediated by?
muscles, cranial nerves, and CNS pathways
What are the two categories of facial muscles?
- Superficial facial muscles
*Deep facial muscles
Superficial facial muscles
- Mostly attach only between different points of facial skin
* Change the shape of the mouth, eyes, or nose, can create a dimple
Deep facial muscles
- Attach to bone and produce large-scale movements
* Like chewing
What two cranial nerves are these face muscles innervated by
- The facial nerve (VII)
- The motor branch of the trigeminal nerve (V)
The facial nerve (VII)
Which innervates the superficial muscles of facial expression
The motor branch of the trigeminal nerve (V)
- Which innervates muscles that move the jaw
What is the facial feedback hypothesis?
- Suggests that sensory feedback from our facial expressions can affect our mood
- Supports James-Lange theory
- People performing a task who take on a happy or sad face report stronger feelings of the emotions they were simulating
- Botox injections, which paralyze facial muscles, cause people to experience emotions less intensely
What is Brain self-stimulation?
animals (including humans) will work to receive electrical stimulation to their brain
