1
Q
types of databases and database applications
A
Traditional Applications:
1. Numeric and Textual Databases
Others:
2. Multimedia Databases
3. Geographic
Information Systems (GIS)
4. Biological and Genome Databases
5. Data Warehouses
6. Mobile databases
7. Real-time and Active Databases
2
Q
Impact of Databases and Database Technology
A
- Businesses
- Service Industries
- Education
- More recently (NOSQL)
3
Q
Impact of Databases in Businesses
A
- Banking
- Insurance
- Retail
- Transportation
- Healthcare
- Manufacturing
4
Q
db in Service Industries
A
- Financial
- Real-estate
- Legal
- Electronic Commerce
- Small businesses
5
Q
db Education
A
Resources for content and Delivery
6
Q
NOSQL
A
- Social Networks
- Environmental and Scientific Applications
- Medicine and Genetics
7
Q
Database
A
A collection of related data
8
Q
Data
A
Known facts that can be recorded and have an implicit meaning.
9
Q
Mini-world
A
- Some part of the real world about which data is stored in a database.
- For example, student grades and transcripts at a university
10
Q
Database Management System (DBMS)
A
A software package/ system to facilitate the creation and maintenance of a computerized database.
11
Q
Database System
A
- The DBMS software together with the data itself.
- Sometimes, the applications are also included.
12
Q
example of Database Management System (DBMS)
A
MYSQL
13
Q
Typical DBMS Functionality
A
- Defines the database
- Loads the data
- Lets you work with the data:
a. Retrieve data
b. Change data - Supports web apps
- Handles many users at once
14
Q
how does DMS define the database?
A
decides:
1. what types of data it will store
2. how data is organized
3. what rules db must follow
15
Q
how does DBMS Load the data?
A
puts the initial data into storage
16
Q
how do you Retrieve data using DBMS
A
- ask questions
- run searches
- make reports
17
Q
how can you Change data using DBMS
A
- add new data
- delete old data
- update existing data
18
Q
how does DBMS Support web app?
A
allows websites and apps to access the database
19
Q
how does DBMS Handle many users at once?
A
keeps everything consistent even when multiple people use it at the same time.
20
Q
How do Applications Use a Database
A
- Queries
- Transactions
21
Q
Queries
A
ask for data and return results (like searching or filtering)
22
Q
Transactions
A
read data and update it (like making a purchase, adding a new record, etc.)
23
Q
what should apps do?
A
- Block unauthorized users from viewing or changing data.
- Adjust as users’ needs change over time.
24
Q
Additional DBMS Features
A
- Security
- Active processing
- Data visualization
- Maintenance
25
how does DBMS provide Security?
protects the data so only approved users can access it.
26
how does DBMS provide Active processing?
automatically takes actions when certain events happen
27
how does DBMS provide Data visualization?
helps display data in charts or views
28
how does DBMS provide Maintenance?
keeps the entire system and software working smoothly over its lifetime.
29
what do we have in the mini world of university?
1. Entities
2. Relationships
30
what are Entities
things in the system
31
what are Relationships?
how things are connected
32
Entities of university
1. Students
2. Courses
3. Sections
33
Relationships in university
- A section belongs to a specific course. A student takes a section.
- A course can have prerequisite courses
34
how can the structure of a mini-world such as university being seen?
Entity–Relationship (ER) model
35
Database Catalog
A database system keeps a special file called a catalog
36
what data is stored in catalog?
metadata
37
metadata
information about the database itself
38
examples of metadata
1. data types
2. structure
3. rules
39
why can DBMS support many different kinds of applications?
it knows the metadata
40
NoSQL metadata
- doesn’t store metadata separately
- the data structures describe themselves
41
Main Characteristics of the Database Approach
1. Programs and data are independent
2. Data Abstraction
3. Multiple Views of the Same Data
4. Data Sharing & Multi-User Support
42
program–data independence
You can change how the data is stored or structured without rewriting the programs that use the data.
43
Data Abstraction
1. The database hides the low-level storage details.
2. Users and programs see a logical, easy-to-understand conceptual view instead of messy internal details.
3. Programs talk to the data model (tables, relationships, etc.), not to how things are stored physically.
44
Multiple Views of the Same Data
1. Different users can see different parts of the database.
2. Each person gets a customized view that shows only what they need.
45
Data Sharing & Multi-User Support
The DBMS uses
1. concurrency control
2. recovery system
3. OLTP
46
wy does DBMS uses concurrency control?
to make sure no one’s changes break anything.
47
recovery system
ensures that once a transaction is done, the changes are safely saved.
48
OLTP
- Online Transaction Processing
- allows the system to handle huge numbers of transactions every second (think banking, online stores, etc.)
49
2 main groups of people involved with databases:
1. Actors on the Scene
2. Workers Behind the Scene
50
Actors on the Scene
People who use or manage the database directly
51
Workers Behind the Scene
People who build the DBMS software and run the computer systems
52
2 groups of Actors on the Scene
1. Database Administrators (DBAs)
2. Database Designers
53
Database Administrators (DBAs)
They handle the “big boss” responsibilities:
1. Decide who can access the database
2. Monitor how it’s used
3. Ensure good performance
4. Get the necessary software and hardware
5. Make sure everything runs smoothly
54
Database Designers
They shape the database itself:
1. Decide what data will be stored
2. Define structure, rules, and relationships
3. Design transactions
4. Work closely with end-users to understand their needs
55
additional roles in Actors on the Scene
1. System Analysts
2. Application Programmers
56
System Analysts
1. Understand what users need
2. Design applications and workflows
3. Create plans for “canned transactions” (predefined tasks users can run easily)
57
Application Programmers
1. Write the code based on the analysts’ designs
2. Test and debug the applications before releasing them
58
Database End Users
people who actually use the database
59
what do End Users do?
1. look up information
2. create reports
3. update data
60
End Users groups
1. Casual Users
2. Naïve / Parametric Users
61
Casual Users
- Use the database occasionally.
- Not experts—just check things when needed.
62
Naïve / Parametric Users
- The biggest group of end-users.
- use canned transactions
63
canned transactions
- predefined actions simple
- fixed operations
64
Naïve / Parametric Users examples
1. Mobile app users
2. Bank tellers
3. Reservation clerks
4. Social media users posting or reading posts
65
how do Naïve / Parametric Users do tasks
They do the same types of tasks repeatedly
66
Naïve / Parametric Users skills
don’t need technical skills
67
Advantages of the Database Approach
1. Less Redundant Data
2. Data Sharing
3. Better Security
4. Persistent Storage for Program Objects
5. Efficient Query Processing
6. Query Optimization
7. Backup & Recovery
8. Multiple User Interfaces
9. Integrity Constraints
68
Less Redundant Data
1. Avoids storing the same data in many places.
2. Saves space and reduces confusion.
69
Data Sharing
Many users and applications can use the same data safely.
70
Better Security
- Only authorized people can access or change data.
- DBAs control who gets permission.
71
Persistent Storage for Program Objects
Some databases store object-oriented program data permanently, not just in memory.
72
Efficient Query Processing
Databases use special structures (like indexes) to make searches fast.
73
Query Optimization
The DBMS automatically finds the fastest way to answer a query.
74
Backup & Recovery
Protects data in case of crashes or errors
75
Multiple User Interfaces
Different users get different tools or views depending on their needs.
76
Integrity Constraints
The DBMS enforces rules to keep the data accurate and consistent.
77
Additional Implications of Using the Database Approach
Enforcing Standards Faster Application Development
78
Enforcing Standards
Using a DBMS helps an organization keep everything consistent.
79
what do Enforcing Standards include?
1. Names of data items
2. How data is displayed
3. Report formats
4. Screen layouts
5. Web page layouts
6. Metadata rules
80
when is consistency important?
in large organizations
81
Faster Application Development
- Once the database is in place, building new applications becomes quicker.
- You don’t start from zero each time — you reuse the existing database structure.
82
DBMS cons
1. Expensive to set up at the start
2. Might need extra hardware
3. There’s overhead because the DBMS must handle security, multiple users, recovery, etc.
83
Situations where a DBMS may be unnecessary
1. The data and applications are very simple
2. The structure is stable and won’t change
3. Only one person uses the data — no multi-user access needed
84
Situations where a DBMS may be impossible to use
In small embedded systems (e.g., tiny devices) where a full DBMS is too large to fit into the limited storage.
Database design
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