•Gender Stereotypes:
-traits
Female:
- e__
- g__
- k__
- o__ focused
- “c__” traits
Male:
- a__
- q__ d__
- i__
- s__-c__
- “a__” traits
emotional gentle kind other communal
active quick decisions independent self-confident agentic
•Gender Stereotypes:
-roles
Female:
- c__ the m__
- h__
- e__ support
Male:
- f__ obligations
- h__ of the household
- l__
cook, meals
housework
emotional
financial
head
leader
•Gender Stereotypes:
-physical characteristics
Female:
- c__
- d__
- p__
- g__
Male:
- a__
- m__
- p__ s__
- t__
- cute
- dainty
- pretty
- graceful
- athletic
- muscular
- physically strong
- tall
•Gender Stereotypes:
External Validity:
-similar results founds with c__-age sample, general __ population, from __ countries.
Results mostly based on m__-class w__ respondents.
college, US, 30
middle, white
•Gender Stereotypes:
Intersectionality:
-results depend on r__ and s__ of person being described.
race, SES
Perceived a__ of women has increased over time.
agency
Gender Stereotypes: Height
- height biases j__ and d__.
- shorter men rated less m__, m__, and c__.
- higher status –>perceived to be t__.
- 1 in. difference in height=$__ in starting salary
judgments, decisions
mature, masculine, confident
taller
600
Gender Stereotypes Origins:
- Social role theory: e__ people to have r__/j__ that fit s__.
- Media influence: films, magazines, tv, and ads p__ and r__ stereotypes.
expect, roles/jobs, stereotypes
present, reinforce
Gender Prejudice:
-expressions of gender prejudice
a) hostile sexism: n__ beliefs about women (they’re m__, they “demand s__ p__.”)
- especially for women in “n__” roles.
b) benevolent sexism: p__ beliefs about women
- “n__,” “morally p__,” “deserve a__.”
- especially for women in “t__” roles
What’s so bad about that?
- takes away women’s a__
- men s__ women from s__ of h__ status jobs
- good intentions; “c__”
- perpetuates d__
- excluding women from p__ positions
- greater benevolent sexism=greater gender i__
negative, manipulative, special privileges, nontraditional
positive, nurturing, pure, adoration, traditional
agency shield, stresses, high chivalry discrimination prestigious inequality
Gender Discrimination:
Gender-based discrimination:
- “prove-it-again”
- stereotype f__: f__ stereotypes can mismatch j_-r__ characteristics
- women have to provide more e__ to be seen as equally c__.
- “the maternal wall”
- stereotype that women lose work c__ and c__ after having kids
- persists even when women remain truly c__.
-“the maternal wall” Study:
IV1: Gender of applicant
IV2: Parental status of applicant
DV’s: perceived commitment and salary recommendation.
-female mothers less c__ and less p__, o__ for male fathers.
fit, feminine, job-related
evidence, competent
commitment, competence
committed
competent, pay, opposite
Sexual Prejudice: n__ attitudes based on s__ o__.
Sexual Prejudice is correlated with:
- t__ beliefs of g__ roles
- t__ values of f__ structure
Family values and anti-gay prejudice study:
-read a newspaper story about a boy and his father
IV1: Father is homosexual vs. heterosexual
-dating someone named “alexander” or “alexandra”
-IV2: Prime family values vs. control
-DV: Ratings of the father
Main Point: simply priming f__ v__ can produce s__ p__.
negative, sexual orientation
traditional, gender
traditional, family
family values, sexual prejudice
Sexual Prejudice-Influence of Perceiver’s Gender:
-Heterosexual __ tend to show more sexual prejudice than heterosexual __.
- Males socialized to strive for m__ and avoid f__.
- P__ for failure to c__.
- Female roles allowed greater f__.
men, women
masculinity, femininity
punished, conform
flexibility
Sexual Prejudice-Influence of Perceiver’s Gender:
Masculine Insecurity and Sexual Prejudice Study:
-Do a task with partner; punish incorrect response.
IV1: told that partner is homosexual or heterosexual
IV2: masculinity test feedback
-told that their score is “below average” or “average”
DV: Punishment intensity
Main Point: threats to m__ increased a__-g__ discrimination.
masculinity, anti-gay
