What is the equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + H20 -> C6H12O6
Where does LDR take place?
Thylakoids
Describe the process of LDR?
The making of ATP
- Chlorophyll absorbs light which excites e- which leaves the chlorophyll in P.S (II) (PHOTOIONISATION)
-The e- is taken up by an electron carrier and passed along the ETC in a series of Redox reactions - ## e- releases energy to make ATP (ADP + Pi -> ATP)
Describe the process of LDR?
The chemiosmotic theory - ATP
- Protons (H+) are pumped from stroma using proton pumps in thylakoid
- when e- released from photolysis it releases energy to produce H+ and maintains high conc in thylakoid and low conc in stroma
- Protons cross through stroma through ATP synthase which causes structure to enzyme this catalyzes formation of ATP
- Rest of membrane is impermeable. Channels form stalked granules
What is the photolysis of water?
Splitting of water which releases energy
Why is the photolysis of water needed?
- Loss of e- during photosynthesis [EDIT] leaves a short of electrons that should be replaced
- Photolysis provides e- from H2O molecule
What is the equation of photolysis?
2H20 -> 4H+ + 4e- + O2
What are the products of photolysis?
Protons
Electrons
Oxygen
Explain how Reduced NADP is made during LDR?
Why is reduced NADP important?
- Main product of LDR and is taken to LIR with an e-
- NADPH is important for a future source of chemical energy to plant
What is the waste product of LDR?
Oxygen which diffuses out of plant
What are the structural adaptations of Thylakoids?
- Staked together in groups called grana
- Large SA
- Network of proteins in grana
- Grnal membranes have ATP Synthase
- Contains DNA + Ribosomes
What are the products od LDR?
ATP, NADPH
used in LIR to reduce G3P
What is the light-independent reaction and when does it occur?
Occurs whether or not light is available
does not require light directly
Where does the light-independent reaction take place?
Stroma
Describe the process of the Calvin cycle?
1) CO2 diffuses into the leaf through stomata and dissolve into H2O around mesophyll cells
- Then diffuses through CSM, cytoplasm, chloroplast membranes into the stroma
2) CO2 reacts with RuBP catalysed by enzyme rubisco
3) NADPH (From LDR) reduces G3P into Triose phophate (TP) using energy from ATP
4) NADP is reformed + goes back to LDR and reduced again
5) Some TP is converted into organic substances e.g starch, cellulose, lipids, gluscose, amino acids + nucleotides
6) Some TP used to regenerate ribulose bisphosphate using ATP from LDR
What are adaptions pf stroma?
Fluid of stroma contains all enzymes needed to carry out LIR
- Stromal fluid is membrane bound
- Stroma fluid surrounds grana
- Contains DNA and ribosomes
