Carbon
- in group 4
- 4 electrons in its outer shell
- each carbon atom can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms (single,double or triple bonds)
- carbon atoms can bond to other carbon atoms to form long chains
Hydrocarbons
- a compound containing carbon and hydrogen only
- they can be saturated or unsaturated
Saturated
-has single bonds only
Unsaturated
-contains carbon-carbon multiple bonds
Homologous series
-a family of compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differ by the addition of a CH2 group
Functional groups
-the part of the organic molecule that is largely responsible for the molecules chemical properties
Hydrocarbons can be classified as:
Aliphatic
Alicyclic
Aromatic
Aliphatic
- carbon atoms joined together in unbranched (straight) or branched chains or non aromatic rings
- can be saturated or unsaturated
Alicyclic
- carbon atoms are joined to each other in ring (cyclic) structures, with or without branches
- usually shown as skeletal formulae
Aromatic
- some or all of the carbons are found in a benzene ring
- usually shown as skeletal formulae
- unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain a benzene ring
Three homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons
- alkanes, containing single carbon-carbon bonds
- alkenes, containing at least one double carbon-carbon bond
- alkynes, containing at least one triple carbon-carbon bond
The stem of the name…
…indicates the number of carbon atoms in the largest chain in the molecule
A prefix…
…added before the stem to indicate the presence of side chains or functional groups
A suffix…
…added after the stem to indictable functional groups
Naming aliphatic alkanes
- Identify the longest carbon chain and name it
- Identify any side chains (alkyl groups)
- Add numbers before the alkyl group to show the position of the group in the carbon chain
Identifying the longest chain
When there are two or more chains of the same length, the chain with the most branches is considered the longest chain
Structural Isomers
-compounds with the same structural formula but different molecular formula
Homolytic fission
When a covalent bond breaks and each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons from the bond
-results in two free radicals
Heterolytic fission
When a covalent bond breaks, one of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons from the bond
Addition reactions
Two reactants join together to form one product
Substitution reaction
An atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or groups of atoms
Elimination reaction
Involves the removal of a small molecule from a larger one
