Chapter 11- Emotion

Question 1

How do emotions differ from drives

Answer 1

• not linked with needs
• can be associated with anything
• can override drives

Question 2

Affect

Answer 2

variety of phenomena that includes emotions, mood, and affective traits

Question 3

Emotions

Answer 3

-brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology
-when a meaningful situation happens
-occupy the foreground of consciousness
-make us pay attention
can impact memory, attention, decision making and perception
ex: happy, sad, angry

Question 4

Moods

Answer 4

-short changes in affect that fluctuate
-affective states that are longer than emotions
-experienced both physiologically and psychologically
-occupy the background of consciousness
-make certain emotions more likely to occur than others
ex: irritable mood makes people more likely to be angry
can be either positive or negative

Question 5

Affective traits

Answer 5

• stable characteristic of personality that make an emotion more likely to occur
  ex: someone with an affective trait of hostility is more likely to be angry when cut off in traffic

Question 6

Basic emotions

Answer 6

emotions common to all humans
ex- anger, disgust, fear, happy, sadness, surprise
-are not single states
-groups of related emotions

Question 7

Emotional family

Answer 7

-groups of similar/related emotions
ex: fear family contains anxiety, trepidation, and nervousness
happiness family contains joy, contentment, amusement, exhilaration

Question 8

Russel’s Model

Answer 8

• emotions exist in two dimensions:
  1) arousal
  2) displeasure-pleasure

Question 9

Self conscious emotions

Answer 9

-society and expectations
-displayed by recognizable expressions
shame, guilt, humiliation, pride, embarassement,

Question 10

Evolutionary perspective of emotions

Answer 10

• emotions are adaptations

- increase survival and sexual success

Question 11

Organized Responses

Answer 11

• adaptation of negative emotions

- increased survival, allowed individuals to respond to challenges

Question 12

Negative emotions

Answer 12

promotes a narrow view on the world

Question 13

Positive emotions

Answer 13

• expands outlook on world
• helps build new skills
• love, amusement, contentment, happiness

Question 14

Broaden and Build model

Answer 14

• fredrickson’s model on positive emotions
• positive emotions expand our cognitive perspective
• helps us acquire new skills

Question 15

When people are in positive moods they perform ______ on tasks of selective attention (require narrow attention)

Answer 15

-poorly

Question 16

People in positive moods perform better on tasks that require ____

Answer 16

• a broader attentional focus
  ex: task where people had to write a list of all the uses of a brick, people in positive moods did way better
• came up with more words and more creative words

Question 17

Positive mood affect on a perceptual task (attention to visual information)

Answer 17

enhanced attention to visual information in the outer edges of a visual display rather than centre
indicates that positive moods cause people to take in more visual information

Question 18

Describe emotions as a process .. draw it out

Answer 18

1) Antecedent event: event that may lead to an emotional response
2) Appraisal: evaluating events to see if they’re good/bad (relevant)
- automatic/occurs outside awareness
- controls whether an emotion is brought up
3) Emotional response: change that generates emotion if antecedent event is appraised as relevant

Question 19

Types of emotional responses

Answer 19

1) Physiological
2) Behavioural-Expressive
3) Subjective Experience

Question 20

Physiological changes

Answer 20

• emotions that create changes in the body/physiology, increased heart rate, blood pressure, respiration
• produced by Autonomic nervous system: controls circulatory and respiratory system

Question 21

Emotions that are concerned with survival (fear) elicit the

Answer 21

Sympathetic NS
-organized response
increases heart rate and blood pressure
-pumps blood to muscles, increases oxygen intake
-turns off any structures not needed, like digestion

Question 22

Positive Emotions elicit the

Answer 22

Parasympathetic NS

• used to relax the body
  ex: fredrickson showed scary clips to people, afterwards showed them clips of sadness, amusement, contentment, or no emotion
• measured cardiovascular activity
• when shown clips of pleasure after scary ones, the cardiovascular activation from the scary clips was brought down back to normal faster
• shows that the parasympathetic branch was used to undo the negative emotional arousal

Question 23

Behavioural-Expressive Changes

Answer 23

emotions that causes changes in behaviour and expressions

FACS

Question 24

Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

Answer 24

• measuring all possible muscular movements in face

- determines widespread facial expressions

Question 25

Most recognizable facial expression

Answer 25

a smile | -not all are created equal

Question 26

Duchenne smile

Answer 26

a true smile | -contracts muscles of lips diagonally and muscles surrounding the eye

Question 27

Non-duchenne smile

Answer 27

- fake smile | - only contracts muscles of lips

Question 28

Voice

Answer 28

sensitive to emotions | -innervated by ANS

Question 29

Changes in Subjective Experience

Answer 29

-changes in how an emotion feels (physical and cognitive) James Lang Cannon Bard 2 factor

Question 30

James Lang theory

Answer 30

body sensations produce emotions -bodily feedback -experience body sensation first, emotion after ex: I feel a lump in my throat, therefore I am sad I am trembling therefore i am scared we have different emotions because each emotion is associated with different feelings

Question 31

Support of J L theory | and Evidence against

Answer 31

-many cultures report body sensations with emotions ex: butterflies in stomach=nervousness lump in throat= sadness AGAINST -people with spinal cord injuries still have subjective experience of emotions

Question 32

Cannon Bard theory

Answer 32

-emotions are created by two separate parallel brain processes: cognitive and physiology react to a stimulus and experience an emotion at the same time ex: I see a snake, i am afraid and i begin to tremble

Question 33

two factor theory

Answer 33

emotion is caused by arousal and appraisal physiology and cognition are connected make a decision on an emotion based on what fits the circumstances ex: "dssS"

Question 34

Polygraph

Answer 34

-measures ANS activity/arousal -heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, skin conductivity measured by control question test and guilty knowledge test

Question 35

control question test

Answer 35

- ask neutral questions u can lie on | - compare that response to questions people can lie on

Question 36

guilty knowledge test

Answer 36

-measuring activity based on questions only the guilty person would know

Question 37

problems with polygraphs

Answer 37

70-85% reliable | only measures arousal, can mistake it for anxiety

Question 38

brain fingerprinting

Answer 38

- measuring brain activity to determine lies | - eeg

Question 39

Most reliable measures of someone that is lying

Answer 39

``` rigid posture long pauses repetition less blinks reduction of arm/hand movement ```

Question 40

display rules

Answer 40

rules on how and when to express emotions | ex: winners should not brad, losers shouldn't mope, men shouldn't cry

Question 41

Study Comparing Disgust Expressions in American and Japanese Students

Answer 41

Both groups viewed a film showing a graphic medical procedure in two different conditions 1) In the presence of an authority figure 2) alone When alone, both groups felt perfectly comfortable expressing disgust When in presence of authority figure, Japs did not express disgust, they masked their responses with non-Duchenne smiles Americans showed the same level of disgust in both conditions

Question 42

Darwin: Facial Expressions Evolved due to Their Functional Role in Survival

Answer 42

The expression of fear, raised eyebrows and widely opened eyes, increased the scope of vision for someone looking for options for escape People posing fear faces actually see better in terms of tests of peripheral vision and quickness of eye movements GOOD THING

Question 43

Affective neuroscience

Answer 43

study of the brain's role in emotion | emotion is related to cognitive processing

Question 44

amygdala

Answer 44

area of brain used for processing emotion, especially fear connected to the hypothalamus: controls the ANS hippocampus: memory thalamus: sensory info cerebral cortex

Question 45

damaged amygdala

Answer 45

more likely to trust people who are untrustworthy | can't recognize faces of fear

Question 46

prefrontal cortex

Answer 46

damage to left part: depression | role in appraisal and reappraisal of emotion

Question 47

anterior cingulate cortex

Answer 47

active during physical or emotional pain | most active when people recall or imagine emotional experiences

Question 48

insula

Answer 48

involved in interception: perception of bodily sense | active during experience of pain and empathy for other peoples pain