What is embryonic origin of prostate
Endodermal
LAbel the diagram
What is normal weight of prostate as proportion of BW
064 - 0.96 g/kg
>this invariably associated with histo abnormalities
(bigger in scotties)
Where in the prostate is the urethra positioned?
Closer to dorsal surface
Where do vas deference enter prostate and urethra?
Enter prostate dorsally then into urethra via slits on each side of colliculus seminalis.
What is blood supply to prostate?
And to prostatic urethra?
Prostatic artery (cranial, middle and caudal branches)
Prostatic urethra supplied by independent branch of prostatic artery
What veins drain the prostate?
Which LNs
Prostatic and urethral veins
Medial and internal iliac LNs
What is parasymathetic and sympathetic nervous supply to prostate
With which vessel does each nerve course prior to entering pelvic plexus?
Hypogastric = sympathetic. Runs with artery of deferent duct
Pelvic = parasympathetic. Runs with prostatic artery
Histologically speaking, what types of tissue are there in the prostate?
Epithelial, fribrous, elastic, smooth muscle
What is the pH of canine prostatic fluid
6.1 - 6.5
List 3 proposed funtions of prostatic fluid
- Promote spermatozoe motility + viability
- Increase uterine perfusion
- Modulate neutrophil induced inhibition of spermatozoa attachment to uterine epithelium
What mechanism drives continued prostatic enlargement
ANDROGEN DRIVEN
(INCREASE IN NUMBER OF DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE RECPETORS)
What are the two types of BPH
- Glandular = changes exclusively contained to secretory cells. Gland enlarges but histologic structure and arrangement remain orderly. Usually dogs <5 yrs
- Complex = involves primarily stromal elements . Older dogs
What other condition should be checked for when performing rectal for BPH?
Perineal hernia
(present in 10%)
What additonal blood test should be considered in prostatitis cases?
Brucella canie titre
List 3 ways to sample prostatic fluid?
Transurethral wash
Ejaculate sampling
FNA (US guided - blind reported but US better, obviously)
When are biopsy samples of prostate inducated?
Only to confirm neoplasia if FNA inconclusive
What radiographic chanhes might be seen with prostatic disease and what do they indicate
- Displacement/enlargement of colon due to prostatic enlargement
- Poor prostatic outline due to inflammation
- Mineralization likely neoplastic change if neutered but can be seen with prostatic cyst or prostatic calculi
- Emphysematous changes with prostatitis
- LN enlargement reactive vs mets
What is the ultrasonographic appearance in the following conditions
- BPH
- Prostatitis
- Prostatic cysts
- Neoplasia
- BPH:
- Increase in the overall gland size
- Heterogenous increase in echodensity
- Small focal areas of echolucency
- Cystic changes are also common with this condition, appearing as multiple areas of very low echogenicity. In young dogs the presence of fluid within the cystic areas may be associated with hematocystic lesions
- Prostatitis
- May develop in the presence of multiple cystic changes
- A combination of focal hyperechoic and hypoechoic areas. Some areas are intensely hyperechoic and surround pockets of fluid accumulation. Abscessation appears as a progression of this, with highly characteristic hyperechoic capsular and loculated tissue containing a fluid signal and hyperechoic flocculent material
- Prostatic cysts
- Hyperechoic fluid ultrasound appearance that may be difficult to distinguish from that of the bladder. The cyst may be separated from the bladder by a hyperechoic pedicle or intimately involved with the parenchyma with discernible urethral communication.
- Neoplasia
- Neoplastic infiltration of the gland results in heterogenous hyperechogenic changes.
- Concurrent cysts or abscessation may be present.
What type of needle shoudl be used for prastatic aspirate/
22G spinal (stylet so not sampling unwanted tissues)
What condition in young dogs, with enlarge protate could cause blooy urethral discharge?
Juvenile haematocysts (under BPH heading) within prostatic parenchyma
List 2 options for medical management of BPH
“Tardak” Delmadinone acetate = progestogen with antiandrogenic and antiestrogenic activity. It reduces testosterone production by suppressing interstitial cell function (=Leydig cell in testes), and its effects are rapidly reversed.
“Suprelorin” Deslorelin acetate = Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonists/Analogues (aka luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone agonists,) = mimic the action of GnRH and block pituitary receptor sites, causing a reduction in natural GnRH and a decline in testicular secretion of testosterone.
What is most common bacteria in prostatic abscess
E coli (by far)
(If orchitis is present can be Brucella canis)
Name aparasite that has been seen in prosttic cyst
Ecchinococcus multilocularis
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Chapter 109 Ovaries and Uterus79
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Chapter 110 Vagina, Vestibule and Vulva30
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Chapter 111 Testes, Epididymides and Scrotum39
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Chapter 112 Penis and Prepuce41
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Chapter 113 Prostate41
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Chapter 114 Kidneys55
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Chapter 115 Ureters36
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Chapter 116 Bladder49
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Chapter 117 Urethra77
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Chapter 118 USMI29
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Chapter 119 Renal Transplant41
