Describe the concrete operational stage of Piaget’s theory
In this stage, occurring during the middle school years, children begin to utilize mental operations
Describe the evolution of the development of memory strategies
- Young children typically will stare or touch objects they need to remember
- Children will then begin to repeat information out loud they need to remember
- This develops into writing things down
- With age, more complex strategies are learned like when reading a text, remembering the major points of the story not all the small details
What are the 4 basic steps in monitoring the effectiveness of a memory strategy ?
- Identify the goal
- Choose the strategy
- Use the strategy
- Decide if its effective: if it is, the strategy proceeds to be used, if not, we start the sequence over
What are the 3 theories of Intelligence
- Psychometric theories
- Gardner’s multiple intelligence theories
- Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Successful Intelligence
Describe the psychometric theory of intelligence
This theory describes intelligence based on the measurement of a certain psychological characteristic using specific tests. This theory developed to understand a hierarchical component consisting of 3 levels. Level 1 (top): general intelligence Level 2: 8 categories of broad intellectual skill including fluid and crystalized intelligence, visual and auditory perception, creativity, processing speed etc. Level 3: the specific skills required for each of the 8 categories
Describe Gardners theory of multiple intelligences
Gardner’s theory is based on developmental research, rather than concentrating on testing and measurement. It consists of 8 forms of intelligence: linguistic, mathematical, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, inter/intra personal and naturalistic. Each of these 8 forms develop at different times of life and occur in different regions of the brain and for each category there are some extreme cases of intelligence known as savants
Describe Sternberg’s triarchic theory
This theory understands intelligence in a socio-cultural perspective that is made up of 3 sub theories:
- Componential
- Experiential
- Contextual
Are intelligence tests accurate?
It is hard to determine the reliability of intelligence tests, since they must establish a criterion for validity. In so, “intelligence” must have an objective definition across all tests which is not necessarily the case that we are seeing.
Describe the hereditary and environmental influences on intelligence
- Heredity: biological vs adoptive studies show that with age there is a strong correlation between IQ scores of biological children and biological parents suggesting that heredity does play a role
- The two environmental factors that are important are family and preschool intervention
Describe how environmental factors play a role in intelligence
Children who are in homes with parents who are responsive, stimulating and involved typically demonstrate higher intelligence. Similarly, children who are involve with enrichment activities and programs prior to school and continuing into school years develop appropriate skills linked to intelligence
What are the 4 factors that make for an effective school ?
- Staff and students understand the primary goal of the school is academic excellence
- The school climate is safe and nurturing
- Parents are involved
- The progress of students and teachers is monitored
What 5 factors make for a good teacher ?
- They can manage the classroom effectively
- Hold themselves responsible for their students learning
- They emphasize mastery of topics
- Teach actively and can pace learning properly
- Value tutoring and can teach students their own techniques for managing their own learning
