Joints Chapter 9 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

Ab-

A

From

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2
Q

Ad-

A

To, toward

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3
Q

Ante-

A

Before

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4
Q

Arthro-

A

Joint

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5
Q

Burs-

A

Bag, sac

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6
Q

Circum-

A

Around

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7
Q

Emmetro-

A

In proper measure

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8
Q

Fil-

A

Thread

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9
Q

Gran-

A

Grain

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10
Q

Ipsi-

A

Itself

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11
Q

Lacun-

A

Space, hollow

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12
Q

Oligo-

A

Little, few

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13
Q

Para-

A

Beyond

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14
Q

Presby-

A

Old

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15
Q

Sutur-

A

Sewing

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16
Q

-itis

A

Inflammation

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17
Q

-malacia

A

Softening

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18
Q

-opia

A

Eye

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19
Q

-ostium

A

Door, opening

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20
Q

What 2 types of cells is nervous tissue composed of?

A

Neurons & glial cells

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21
Q

Neurons

A
  1. Cells that send and receive electrical signals
  2. Irritable
  3. Responsive
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22
Q

What are the two divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system & peropheral nervous system

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23
Q

What is the central nervous system made up of?

A

Brain & spinal cord

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24
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system made up of?

A

Sensory & motor

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25
Afferent-sensory
Carries information from receptors to brain or spinal cord
26
Efferent motors
Carries info from brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands
27
What are receptors?
-Neurons and specialized cells that detect changes - May be in specialized structures such as the tongue, eye, ear
28
What are the functional divisions of the PNS?
Somatic & autonomic
29
Somatic
- Controls skeletal muscle contractions - Voluntary and reflexive
30
Autonomic
Controls subconscious actions of cardiac and smooth muscles
31
What are the two autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic & parasympathetic
32
Sympathetic
Stimulative
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Parasympathetic
Relaxing
34
Neurons-structure
- Soma - Dendrites - Axons
35
What are the major organelles of neuron?
- Neurolemma - Nucleus - Mitochondria - Smoot and rough ER - Ribosomes - Perikaryon - cytoplasm - Cytoskeleton
36
Nissl bodies
- Dense areas of RER and ribosomes
37
Dendrites
Receive information
38
Axons
- Carry the action potential away from the neuron body
39
What are the 3 synapse?
- Pre-synaptic cell - Post-synaptic cell - Synaptic cleft
40
Synapse
- Contains synaptic vesicles of neurontransmitters
41
Neurotransmitters
- are chemical messengers
42
What are the 4 types of neurons?
- Anaxonic neuron - Bipolar neuron - Unipolar neuron - Multipolar neuron
43
What are the three functional classifications of neurons?
- Sensory neurons - Motor neurons - Interneurons
44
Sensory neurons
Afferent neurons of PNS
45
Motor neurons
Efferent neurons of PNS
46
Interneurons
Association neurons
47
Three types of sensory receptors
- Interceptors, monitor internal systems, internal senses
48
What are exteroceptors?
- External sense (touch, temp, pressure) - Distance senses (sight, smell, hearing)
49
What are proprioceptors?
- Monitor position and movement (skeletal muscles and joints)
50
Two groups of efferent axons
- Preganglionic fibers - Postganglionic fibers
51
Most located in brain, spinal cord, and autonomic ganglia (between sensory and motor neurons)
Interneurons
52
Are responsible for - Distribution of sensory information - Coordination of motor activity
Interneurons
53
Are involved in high functions - Memory, planning, learning
Interneurons
54
Neuroglia
- Half the volume of the nervous system - Many types of neuroglia in CNS and PNS
55
Four types of neuroglia in the CNS
- Ependymal cells - Astrocytes - Oligodendrocytes - Microglia
56
Ependymal cells
- Form epithelium called ependyma - Line central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain: secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have cilia or microvilli that circulate CSF monitor CSF contain stem cells for repair
57
Astrocytes
- Maintain blood - brain barrier (isolates CNS) - Create three-dimensional framework for CNS - Repaid damaged neural tissue - Guide neuron development - Control interstitial enviroment
58
Oligodendrocytes
- Process contact other neuron cell bodies - Wrap around axons to form myelin sheaths
59
Microglia
- Migrate through neural tissue - Clean up cellular debris, waste product, and pathogens
60
What are the neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system?
1. Satellite cells 2. Schwann cells
61
Satellite cells
- Surround ganglia - Regulate environment around neuron
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Schwann cells
1. Form myelin sheath around peripheral axons 2. One Schwann cells sheaths one segment of axon: - many Schwann cells sheath entire axon
63
Neural responses to injuries
Wallerian degeneration - Axon distal to injury degenerates Schwann cells - Form path for new growth - Wrap new axon in myelin
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Transmembrane potential
Ion movements & electrical signals - all plasma (cell) membranes produce electric signals by ion movements - transmembrane potential is particularly important to neurons
65
Three requirements for transmembrane potential
- concentration gradient of ions (Na+, K+) - selectively permeable through channels - maintains charge difference across membrane (resting potential - 70 mV)
66
Passive forces acting across the membrane
Chemical gradients - concentration gradients of ions (Na+, K+) Electrical gradients - separate charges of positive and negative ions - result in potential difference
67
Equilibrium
- the transmembrane potential at which there is no net movement of a particular ion across the cell membrane Examples K+ = -90 mV Na+ = +66 mV
68
Active forces across the membrane
Sodium-potassium ATPase (exchange pump) - is powered by ATP - carries 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in - balances passive forces of diffusion - maintains resting potential (-70 mV)
69
Graded potential
Temporary, localized change in the transmembrane potential produced by a stimulus
70
Action potential
Electrical impulse produced by a graded potential, propagated down an axon
71
Chemical gradients
Concentration gradients of ions (Na+, K+)
72
Electrical gradients
- Separate charges of positive and negative ions - Result in potential difference
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K+
Potassium
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Na+
Sodium
75
Changes in transmembrane potential
Transmembrane potential rises or falls
76
Another name for passive channels
Leak channels
77
Another name for active channels
Gated channels
78
Passive channels?
Are always open Permeability changes with conditions
79
Active channels?
Open and close in response to stimuli At resting potential, most gated channels are
80
What are the three classes of gated channels?
Chemically gated channels Voltage-gated channels Mechanically gated channels
81
What are chemically gated channels?
Open in presence of specific chemicals Found on neuron cell body and dendrites
82
Voltage-gated channels
Respond to changes in transmembrane potential Have activation gates (open) and inactivation gates (closes)
83
What is depolarization?
Going more postivie
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Repolarization
Going negative
85
Hyperpolarization
Going even more negative
86
What are the four steps in generation of action potentials?
Step 1: Depolarization to threshold Step 2: Activation of Na+ channels Step 3: Inactivation of Na+ channels, activation of K+ channels Step 4: Return to normal permeability
87
What does the refractory period include?
The time period, absolute refractory period, & relative refractory period
88
What is the time period?
During which membrane will not respond normally to additional stimuli
89
What is the absolute refractory period?
- Sodium channels open or inactivated - No action potential possible
90
What is the relative refractory period?
- Membrane potential almost normal - Very large stimulus can initiate action potential
91
What is propagation?
- Moves action potentials generated in axon hillock - Along entire length of axon - A series of repeated actions, not passive flow
92
What are the two methods of propagating action potentials?
- Continuous propagation: unmyelinated axons - Saltatory propagation: myelinated axons
93
Saltatory propagation
- Faster and uses less energy than continuous propagation - Local current “jumps” from node to node
94
Axon diameter and propagation speed
- the larger the diameter, the lower the resistance
95
What are the three groups of axons?
Type A fibers Type B fibers Type C fibers
96
What is chemical synapses?
- Signal transmitted across a gap by chemical neurotransmitters - Synaptic delay
97
What is electrical synapses?
- Direct physical contact between cells - Continuous local current and action potential propagation
98
Gamma
Most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS
99
Endorphins & enkephalins
- Inhibit spinal neurons from transmitting pain signals to the brain
100
What is EPSP?
Excitatory postsynaptic potential
101
What does EPSP do?
Graded depolarization of postsynaptic membrane
102
What is IPSP?
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
103
Define IPSP
Graded hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane
104
What are the types of axons?
- Axolemme - Axoplasm - Axon Hillock - Telodenria - Synaptic terminals
105
What is the synapse?
Area of communication between two cells
106
What is the synapse?
Area of communication between two cells
Joints Chapter 9
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