site of glycolysis
cytoplasm
site of link reaction and Krebs cycle
matrix
site of oxidative phosphorylation
membrane of cristae
glycolysis
- phosphorylation of glucose using ATP
- trios phosphate is oxidised to form pyruvate
-NAD is reduced
- there is a net gain of ATP
4 ATP is produced but 2 were used
products of glycolysis
2 ATP
2 reduced NAD
2 pyruvate
how does the pyruvate enters the mitochondria
by active transport
link reaction
- pyruvate is oxidised into acetate
forms one carbon dioxide molecule and one reduced NAD - acetate combines with coenzyme A to produce acetylcoenzyme A
Krebs cycle
a series of redox reactions:
- 2 ATP formed
- 2 reduced FAD formed
- 6 reduced NAD formed
- 2 carbon dioxide molecules
what is electron carrier chain
series of carrier proteins embedded into the membrane of cristae of mitochondria
produces ATP through oxidative phosphorylation via chemiosmosis
Process of the electron transfer chain
electrons that are released once FAD and NAD are oxidised
the energy that is released
how is a proton concentration gradient stablished during chemiosmosis during aerobic respiration
energy is released from the ETC is used in active transport of H+ ions form matrix to inter membrane space
how does chemiosmosis produces ATP
H+ move down their concentration gradient from the inter membrane space to the matrix through facilitated diffusion via ATP synthase
role of oxygen in aerobic respiration
oxygen is the last electron acceptor in electron transfer chain
water is produced
how can lipids act as an alternative respiratory substrate
lipid —–> glycerol + fatty acid
1- phosphorylation of glycerol—–> TP for glycolysis
2- Fatty acid —-> acetate
acetate enters link reaction and H atoms are produced in oxidative phosphorylation
how can amino act as an alternative for respiration
1- 3C compounds —> pyruvate for link reaction
2- 4C/5C compounds —–> intermediates Krebs cycle
anaerobic respiration in animals
pyruvate is converted to lactate
reduced NAD to oxidised NAD
