Chapter 12

Question 1

What are interaction effects?

Answer 1

• When the level of one IV influences the impact of a second IV
• Ex. Body weight and alcohol consumption on drinking. Driving impaired by drinking, but differently based on your size.

Question 2

Interaction effect ex. about food

Answer 2

• Liking for ice cream depends on temperature (higher when cold)
• Liking for pancake depends on temperature (higher when warm)

lines cross in example like this

Question 3

Factorial design for 2 IVs

Answer 3

• When researchers want to run experiments w 2 IVs
• most common
• you study each combination of variables

Question 4

What are quasi independent variables?

Answer 4

• Variables that cannot be randomly assigned (age, gender, substance use history, health, etc.). Are not true IVs.
• Sometimes other things covary with quasi independent variables (Ex. Age impacts reaction time, life experience, and generational effects)

Question 5

Can factorial designs test limits

Answer 5

• Yes
• This design allows researchers to examine how a variable affects different groups or conditions, essneitally pushing the boundaries to see how far a factor can influence an outcome

Question 6

Can factorial design test theories?

Answer 6

• Yes
• May theories make statements about how variables interact, the best way to test hypotheses is to combine variables into a factorial design

Question 7

Bartholow and Heinz (2006)

Answer 7

• Question: Does thining about alcohol prime people to be aggressive?
• Methods: Participants viewed nonsense words and real words (some aggression related). Before each image, participants saw alcohol image/neutral image.
• Results: People were faster to identify aggression-related words after seeing photos of alcohol vs. of plants. Reaction time to words depends on photo and word type.

Question 8

How many main effects in 2x2?

Answer 8

2

Question 9

How to tell interaction effect from a table?

Answer 9

• If difference between levels of an IV is large and going in different direction

Question 10

Detecting interactions from a graph

Answer 10

• the lines cross
• the value of DVV depends not just on 1 lvl of IV, but on BOTH levels of BOTH IVs

Question 11

Types of Factorial designs

Independent Groups

Answer 11

• Both independent variables are studied as independent groups
• So, if its a 2x2, there are 4 dif groups

Question 12

Types of factorial design

Within groups

Answer 12

• Repeated measures factorial design, both IVS are manipulated as within groups
• So, if design is 2x2, you have 1 group of participants who participate in 4 combinations of design

Question 13

Types of factorial design

Mixed Factorial

Answer 13

• One IV is manipulated as an independent groups and other is within
• Typically because one of the variables is quasi independent
• Ex. Cell phone use and age on driving (Age=independent groups variable, cell phone/no cell phone= “within groups” variable)

Question 14

2x2 Blanks and all that stuff

Answer 14

• __x__
• Blanks =levels (ex. 3 in a blank means 3 levels of that IV)
• # of blanks=number of IVs
• So 2x2= 2 lvls of 2 IVs
• 2x3= 2 IVs, 1 has 2 levels, 1 has 3 levels

Question 15

Three way design

Answer 15

• If there are 3 IVs, there are 3 main effects
• Interactions become more complicated, you look at each 2x2 interaction
• Final result is a three way interaction. This means all IVS make a difference and impact your performance on the others

Question 16

Why do three way design?

Answer 16

• Most outcomes in psychology are due to several different variables
• Ex. Is it good to be forgiving in a relationship: How serious are the problems? How reciprocal is the forgiveness?
• Ex. Does daycare lead to social/emotionalproblems in children: Depends on quality of daycare, and the quality of parenting at home