Chapter 12

Question 1

senescence

Answer 1

a gradual physical aging over time begins

Question 2

organ reserve

Answer 2

extra capacity build into each organ (hearts and lungs) that allow a person to cope with extraordinary demands or to withstand organ strain

Question 3

allostasis

Answer 3

a dynamic body adjustment, related to homeostasis that over time affects overall physiology

Question 4

infertility

Answer 4

inability to conceive a child after trying for at least a year

Question 5

in-vitro fertilization (IVF)

Answer 5

ova are surgically removed and fertilized with sperm, after the zygotes have divided several times it is placed back into the women’s uterus

Question 6

which vision ages faster

Answer 6

peripheral faster than frontal

Question 7

how does the skin and hair change over aging

Answer 7

• collagen is decreased by 1% every year after 20
• skin becomes less thinner and less flexible
• skin loses fitness and elasticity

Question 8

at what age does waist circumference increase

Answer 8

25-65

Question 9

how many cm do ppl lose of height

Answer 9

65

Question 10

hormone replacement therapy

Answer 10

hormone supplements (estrogen combined with progesterone) to alleviate menopause symptoms

Question 11

hysterctomy

Answer 11

surgical procedure to remove the uterus and usually removes ovaries

Question 12

andropause

Answer 12

term to signify a drop in testosterone levels in older men

Question 13

mortality

Answer 13

death

Question 14

morbidity

Answer 14

disease

Question 15

disability

Answer 15

inability to do something that people can usually do

Question 16

vitality

Answer 16

life force

Question 17

solutions to the obesity epidemic

Answer 17

• diets work if they reduce calories and increase exercise and need to be maintained for decades
• diet drugs are one option but can lead to CVD and digestive problems or lead to addiction
• gastric bypass surgery causes dramatic weight loss but are risks
• babies born underweight are likely to become fat chILD

Question 18

stressor

Answer 18

any experience, circumstance or condition that negatively affects a person

Question 19

organ reserve in relation to stressors

Answer 19

depletion of organ reserve or allostatic loads high, the physiological toll of major/minor stressors lowers immunity, increases BP, speeds up the heart, reduces sleep and produces many other reactions

Question 20

problem-focused coping

Answer 20

people attack their problems

Question 21

emotion-focused coping

Answer 21

people change their emotions

Question 22

relationship with SES

Answer 22

low SES try to accept those with high SES that tend to attack their problems

Question 23

diseases of affluence

Answer 23

diseases like diabetes, lung cancer and breast cancer were more common among rich people

Question 24

General Intelligence

Answer 24

intelligence is one basic trait, underlying all cognitive abilities
• can be inferred by various abilities

Question 25

the flynn effect

Answer 25

• each generation was healthier and better educated than the previous one • the effect is that the rise in average IQ scores that occurred over the decades in any nations

Question 26

seattle longitudinal study

Answer 26

first cross sectional study of adult intelligence • people improve in most mental abilities during adulthood • all abilities improve and then gradually decrease

Question 27

fluid intelligence

Answer 27

like water, flowing to its own level no matter where it happens to be • quick and flexible, enabling people to learn anything

Question 28

crystallized intelligence

Answer 28

accumulation of facts, info, knowledge as a result of education and experience • education and aptitude are correlated • reflects fluid intelligence

Question 29

relationship of fluid and crystallized intelligence with age

Answer 29

* fluid intelligence decreases and crystallized intelligence increases with age * fluid intelligence is valued in a your-oriented culture

Question 30

3 forms of intelligence

Answer 30

analytic, creative, practical

Question 31

analytic intelligence

Answer 31

includes all mental processes that foster academic proficiency • abstract planning, strategy selection, focused attention, info processing

Question 32

creative intelligence

Answer 32

involves the capacity to be intellectually flexible and innovative • divergent rather than convergent

Question 33

practical intelligence

Answer 33

involves capacity to adapt to the demands of a given situation • accurate grasp of the expectations and needs of the people involved and an awareness of particular skills that are called for -without this, a solution from analytic intelligence is bound to fail because people resist academic brilliance as unrealistic and elite

Question 34

Selective Optimization with Compensation

Answer 34

general process of systematic function as older adults maintain a balance in their lives • people seek to optimize their development in order to compensate for the losses • explains the variations in intellectual abilities • when older adults are motivated to do well, few age-related deficits are apparent • compared to younger adults, older ones are not as motivated

Question 35

Specialized Learning

Answer 35

* each adult seeks to maximize gains and minimize losses | * choose to practice some abilities and ignore others

Question 36

• Selection and Action

Answer 36

ie.) chefs prepare more foods in advance to avoid having multiple pots on the stove at once • ie.) athletes must practice and warm up their neurological connections in their brain that allow for quick movements

Question 37

expert

Answer 37

notably more accomplished and knowledge a particular skill, topic, task

Question 38

expertise

Answer 38

not innate (not natural) nor does it correlate with basic abilities

Question 39

expert thought is:

Answer 39

intuitive, automatic, strategic, flexible

Question 40

Intuitive thoughts

Answer 40

• relying more on past experiences and on immediate contexts • actions are more intuitive and less stereotypic • experience leads to habits that should change • doing something a thousand times in the past doesn't mean its better than something someone recently learned and have done only 50 times • suggests that it occurs unconsciously helps experts but not non-experts

Question 41

automatic processing

Answer 41

thinking that occurs without deliberate, conscious thought • some automatic actions are no longer accessible to the conscious mind • process info more quickly • engage automatic weighting of various non-verbalized factors • automaticity is particularly crucial if a person’s conscious mind is focused on something else • time is the only one of the essential requirements for expertise

Question 42

strategic processing

Answer 42

• more and better strategies especially when problems are unexpected • need to be updated as situations change • does not mean that strategy always overcomes age deficits • ie.) older pilots are quicker to being necessary actions needed for a safe landing situation in difficult weather but they have slower processing skills

Question 43

flexible processing

Answer 43

• enjoy challenges when things do not go according to plan • more willing to deviate from standard textbook procedures—if those procedures are proved to be ineffective • adapt to individual cases and exceptions